Professor Cairns Smith is available for interviews / photographs. Please contact Jenni Massie, Communications Officer, to arrange on (01224) 272013.
Further details on the leprosy research in Aberdeen is available in an information leaflet available by contacting the Communications Office on the number above.
Leprosy
· Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae;
· M. leprae multiplies very slowly and the incubation period of the disease is about five years. Symptoms can take as long as 20 years to appear;
· Leprosy is not highly contagious . It is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contacts with untreated cases.
· Leprosy mainly affects the skin and nerves;
· If untreated, there can be progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes.
· Leprosy was recognized in the ancient civilizations of China, Egypt and India;
· The first known written mention of leprosy is dated 600 BC;
· Throughout history, the afflicted have often been ostracized by their communities and families.
· Leprosy is a curable disease and treatment provided in the early stages averts disability and impairments;
· With minimal training, leprosy can be easily diagnosed on clinical signs alone;
· The first breakthrough occurred in the 1940s with the development of the drug dapsone, which arrested the disease. But the duration of the treatment of leprosy was many years, even a lifetime, making it difficult for patients to follow;
· In the 1960s, M. leprae started to develop resistance to dapsone, the world’s only known anti-leprosy drug at that time;
· Rifampicin and clofazimine, the other two components of MDT, were discovered in the early 1960s.
· A World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group recommended multidrug therapy (MDT) in 1981. MDT consists of three drugs: dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. This drug combination kills the pathogen and cures the patient;
· MDT is safe, effective and easily administered under field conditions. MDT is available in convenient monthly calendar blister packs to all patients;
· Since 1995, WHO provides free MDT for all patients in the world, initially through the drug fund provided by the Nippon Foundation and since 2000, through the MDT donation provided by Novartis and the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development.
· PB patients treated with MDT are cured within six months;
· MB patients treated with MDT are cured within 12 months;
· Patients are no longer infectious to others after the first dose of MDT. In other words, transmission of leprosy is interrupted;
· There are few relapses , i.e. recurrences of the disease after treatment is completed;
· No resistance of the bacillus to MDT has been reported as yet;
· WHO estimates that early detection and treatment with MDT has prevented about four million people from being disabled. This suggests great cost-effectiveness of MDT as a health intervention, considering the economic and social loss averted.
· In 1991 World Health Assembly passed a resolution to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem by the year 2000. Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem is defined as a prevalence rate of less than one case per 10 000 persons;
· The widespread use of MDT has reduced the disease burden dramatically;
· Over the past 20 years, more than 15 million leprosy patients have been cured about 4 million since 2000.
·
· A dramatic decrease in the global disease burden: from 5.4 million in 1985 to 805 000 in 1995 to 753 000 at the end of 1999 to 286 000 cases at the end of 2004.
· Leprosy has been eliminated from 116 countries out of 122 countries where leprosy was considered as a public health problem in 1985. An additional 16 countries achieved the elimination target since 2000.
· A 20% annual decrease in new cases detected globally since 2001.
· Absence of resistance to drugs used in MDT.
· Efforts currently focus on eliminating leprosy at a national level in the remaining endemic countries and at a sub-national level from the others.
Approximately 410, 000 new cases of leprosy were detected during 2004 compared to a peak of 804, 000 in 1998. At the beginning of 2005, 290, 000 cases were undergoing treatment;
20 countries detect 1000 or more new cases annually and these countries contribute more than 95% of the annual detections globally.
At the beginning of 2006, 6 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America leprosy are have yet to reach the goal of elimination as a public health problem (defined as one case per 10,000 population). .
According to the latest available information, intensive efforts are still needed to reach the leprosy elimination target in these six countries: Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal,and Tanzania.
Political commitment needs to be sustained and in order to reach all patients, treatment of leprosy needs to be fully integrated into general health services. This is a key to sustain leprosy control activities .
Partners need to continue to ensure that human and financial resources are made available to sustain leprosy control activities .
The age-old stigma associated with the disease remains an obstacle to self-reporting and early treatment. The image of leprosy has to be changed at the global, national and local levels. A new environment, in which patients will not hesitate to come forward for diagnosis and treatment at any health facility, must be created.
For more information see:
http://www.who.int/lep/
http://www.who.int/lep/Reports/GlobalStrategy-PDF-verison.pdf
http://www.who.int/topics/leprosy/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/
http://www.ilep.org.uk/content/intro.cfm?subMenuID=49&main=3
- Issued by
-
The Communications Team
Directorate of External Relations,
University of Aberdeen,
King's College,
Aberdeen
- Contact
- Jenni Massie
- Issued on
- 17 April 2006