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This is a 15 credit Level 3 course which is provided in Semester 1 Weeks 12-17.
It has been designed to support the degree programme in BSc Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy) for which it is compulsory. However, students on other degree programmes in Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences may take this course.
This course will be concerned with the anatomical aspects of tissue organisation. The 4 primary tissues will be described and this will lead into the consideration of the anatomical organisation of body structures along several themes: Surfaces, Tubes, Support
Course Co-ordinator: Dr Guy Bewick (tel: 01224 437398, g.s.bewick@abdn.ac.uk)
Aims
To study the relationship between structure and function in the organisation of body tissues
Learning Outcomes
Students should have an understanding of tissue organisation in a variety of body locations and how these relate to function. They should be able to:
• explain how cellular and extracellular components combine to form a cohesive structural and functional tissue organisation
- describe and discuss a variety of structural formats within the human body
- explain how variations to the structural formats of body surfaces, tubes and musculoskeletal structural components are modified from a basic format and the functional effects of such structural variations in normal and disease situations.
• use the skills necessary to interpret microscopic slides, anatomical specimens and models and the output from other imaging procedures.
- use the skills necessary to create 3-dimensional structure from 2-dimensional images and written description.
- use the skills of relating structural information and functional activity
1.Introduction, Tissues 1 – Dr Guy Bewick
Course administration, plan of course, how body is divided into tissues
2.Tissues 2 – Dr Guy Bewick
The four primary tissues, tissue combinations to form organs
3.Surfaces 1 – Dr Henning Wackerhage
Formation of compartments – epithelial boundaries, maintenance of boundaries, cytoskeleton, junctional connections between epithelial cells and through desmosomes to underlying connective tissue
4.Surfaces 2 – Dr Alex Mavroeidi
Protective surfaces - why are epithelial surfaces different in different locations? Skin – basic histology, and how the skin protects the body from the external environmental insults including heat, desiccation, UV rays, abrasion, foreign antigens and noxious stimuli. How does non-keratinised epithelium protect? Specific examples from the gut – oesophagus and stomach.
5.Surfaces 3 – Dr Henning Wackerhage
Passage across compartment boundaries – fenestrae, intercellular spaces (including discontinuous capillaries), endocytosis/exocytosis
6.Surfaces 4 - Dr Alex Mavroeidi
Movement across surfaces and stretchability - Structure of a cilium. How do cilia affect movement? Where are ciliated epithelia found? Specific examples: Respiratory epithelium and reproductive tract. Ciliary disorders. Pseudostratified epithelium. Transitional epithelium stretchability. Its location in the urinary tract. How do these cells achieve their stretch?
7.Surfaces 5 – Dr Alex Mavroeidi
Maintenance and repair - epidermis, gut tube, articulating surfaces
8.Tubes 1 – Dr Michael Scholz
General structure of tubes – epithelia, muscle, connective tissue, (nerves)
9.Tubes 2 – Dr Michael Scholz
Free flow in tubes – control mechanisms, valves, sphincters, double muscle layers to prevent flow eg helicine arteries, reducing diameters to control flow/pressure, nerve/chemical influences on diameter of tubes
10.Tubes 3 - Dr Michael Scholz
Assisted flow in tubes – Peristalsis, calf pump, gravity, absorbtion (ductuli efferentes), cilia, negative pressure (diaphragm effects on lungs and IVC), heart pump, secretion – myoepithelial cells, biliary system directional flow, back population pressure
11.Support – Bone structure 1 – Mr David Chorn
A description is given of the composition of the extra-cellular matrix and cells found in bone using light and electron micrographs. Tissue organisation into compact and spongy bone is described and intra-membranous ossification is explained.
12.Support - Bone structure 2 – Mr David Chorn
Following on from support 1, endochondrial ossification is explained and the histological appearance of epiphyseal plates is described. Bone dynamics is then discussed including the influence of external and internal factors on the shape and quality of bone.
13.Support – Cartilage – Mr David Chorn
A description is given of the composition of the extra-cellular matrix and cells found in cartilage using light and electron micrographs. Nutrition, growth and regeneration of cartilage is discussed and then a brief description of the types of cartilage found in the human body is presented.
14.Support – Dense and loose connective tissue – Mr David Chorn
A description is given of the composition of the extra-cellular matrix and cells found in connective tissue using light and electron micrographs. The properties and organisation of each type is discussed.
15.Muscle – Morphology – Dr Prem Ballal
General features and properties of skeletal,cardiac and smooth muscles. Types, muscular patterns, functions of the skeletal muscles. Motor unit & neuromuscular spindle. Other contractile cells
Keywords: Actin, myosin, syncytium, intercalated disc, pacemaker, neuromuscular spindle, rigor mortis, myoepithelial cells and satellite cells
16.Muscle organisation and influences on action – Dr Prem Ballal
Microscopic features and arrangements of myofilaments in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. The process of excitation, contraction, coupling & mechanics of muscle contraction (sliding filament theory). Distinguishing features and excitation of smooth muscle. Characteristics of muscle fibres.
Keywords – Myofilaments, sarcomere, isotrophic, anisotrophic, T –system, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum and electromyography
17.Muscle groups – movement and stability – Dr Prem Ballal
Forms and function in skeletal muscles. Muscles and movements – action of muscles, attachment and levers- the biomechanics of movement. Naming of muscles
Key words –Isometric, Isotonic, Agonists, Antagonists, synergist, fixator, tendons, synovial sheath and bursae & fascia
18.Adult stem cells, satellite cells – Dr Henning Wackerhage
Organs harbour cells that are capable of self-renewal and that can differentiate for maintenance or regeneration which is termed multipotency. Self-renewal and multipotency are the defining characteristics of adult stem cells. In skeletal muscle, the resident, muscle-regenerating stem cell is the satellite cell which is wedged in-between basal lamina and the plasmalemma. We will discuss the function of satellite cells during post-natal growth, regeneration after injury and for exercise-induced hypertrophy.
19. Muscle Histology – Dr Henning Wackerhage
Skeletal muscle comprises among other of different muscle fibre types and satellite cells. Skeletal muscle is a highly 'plastic' tissue which changes in response to usage, atrophy-inducing diseases and during neuromuscular disease and muscular dystrophy. We will first review biochemical and antibody-based methods to identify different fibre types and satellite cells. We will then show how atrophy can be identified and how H&E and NADH-TR stains can be used to identify muscular dystrophy, muscle regeneration and centronuclear myopathy, respectively.
Laboratory Work
Laboratory work will take place in the College teaching laboratories in the Zoology Building, Old Aberdeen. See timetable for details.
There will be a visit/Demonstration of Imaging techniques at the Imaging Suite, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill – Details of where to meet will be given in class.
Plans for Practicals/Demonstrations
Tuesdays 10-5
Week 13 – Epithelia
AM – Light microscope work defining types of epithelia and surface specialisations (cilia etc). Emphasise role of epithelia as barriers and provide list of materials etc which would wish to cross barrier, or should be prevented from crossing, and get students to relate epithelial layer to potential for facilitating or preventing passage of such material.
a. Guidelines for setting up microscope
b. Handout for progressive examination of epithelial slides
PM – series of exercises to relate structural organisation at different magnifications from gross to high magnification EM
Week 14 - Tubes
Study the relationship between the 2D appearance of tubes in tissue section and their 3D organization
Practice the interpretation of scale
Study the variation in tubular structure within the cardiovascular system
At end of this practical each student will be issued with a piece of in-course work relating 2D to 3D.
Week 15 - Bone
AM – Study of lumps and bumps on bone; trabecular formations in sliced bone; thick and thin areas on plate bones etc.
Histology of bone- compact, trabeculated
PM - Demonstration of imaging methodologies at Imaging Suite IMS. Round-Robin in groups of 2-3 to see microscopes, CT microscanner etc including preparatory equipment (Microtomes etc). As far as possible, demonstration material to be bone based.
NB. If the number of students signing up for this course is high, the class will be divided into two groups for the bone practical with half of the class visiting the IMS in the morning, and carrying out the histology and bone study in the afternoon – students will be advised of the arrangements once the course has started and student numbers are known.
Please read the student notes concerned with behaviour and safety in the laboratories.
The practical work required in this course may present difficulties to students with special educational needs. For such students, alternative arrangements will be made. Any student with special needs should make these known to the Course Co-ordinator when registering for the class, and should then also discuss their needs with the School Disabilities Co-ordinator, to ensure that they have the best possible outcome.
Tutorial Work
Plans for tutorials
Tutorial 1 - Week 12 Friday 3.30 – Dr Bewick
Introduction to Systems Histology CAL package
Distribution of Poster topic and instructions
General round table discussion
Tutorial 2 – Week 13 Friday 3.30 – Dr Scott
Discussion of functional and time interpretations of images of tissue structure
Distribution of essay topic with instructions
Tutorial 3- Week 16 Friday 2-5 – Dr Scott
Display of posters – 2.00-3.30
Discussion/questions of posters 3.30-5.00
Tutorial 4 – Week 17 Friday 3.30-5.00 – Dr Bewick
Course evaluation, Exam preparation, Essay plan tutorial, Short note tutorial.
There is a regular programme of seminars given throughout the academic year by invited specialists from within the broad field of biomedical research.
These are usually held on Thursdays from 12noon -1pm in the IMS Building at Foresterhill (check the School or IMS websites for specific locations of seminars).
As you are studying within research-driven disciplines, we strongly feel that you should attend these whenever possible, with a view to broadening your appreciation of medical sciences. You will also be directed to attend any other relevant seminars when they arise.
General Reading List
The recommended text for this course is:
Essential Histology, 2nd Edition by DH Cormack. Publisher Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
ISBN 9780781716680
Or any other quality Histology Text.
In addition, you will be expected to read around the subject matter presented in lecture and tutorials using the range of textbooks available in the QML library.
Additional, specific references, may be provided by individual members of the teaching staff
The University has strict regulations on plagiarism. If you are unsure about what constitutes plagiarism read the University guide on plagiarism at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing
Copying or plagiarising another persons work, either from other students or published material in books or papers and submitted as your own for assessment is considered a form of cheating. This is considered by the University to be a serious offence and will be penalised according to the extent involved and whether it is decided there was an attempt at deliberate deception, or whether bad practice was involved. If you do use information or ideas obtained from textbooks or other published material you must give a precise reference to the source both at the appropriate point in your narrative and in a list of references at the end of your work. Direct quotations from published material should be indicated by quotation marks and referenced in the text as above.
Assessment and Examinations
Students are expected to attend all lectures, laboratory classes, demonstrations and tutorials, and to complete all assignments by stated deadlines. The minimum acceptable performance is attendance at 75% of the practical classes, and presentation of all set course work, written and oral.
The degree examination is held in January, with the re-sit examination in August.
In course assessments will contribute 30% of the marks towards the final course grade. This will consist of:
1. A description (max 500 words) and drawing of a 3D interpretation of an area of histological section – 10%
2. A poster demonstration on an aspect of abnormal tissue organisation - 10%
3. A short note – 2˝%
4. An essay - 7˝%
Details of the above will be provided at appropriate stages in the course.
Key submission dates for in-course work:
Week 16 Friday Noon –submission of poster
Week 17 Tuesday Noon –submission of essay
Week 17 Friday 2.00pm - Submission of 2D to 3D in-course work
The end of course exam will contribute 70% of the marks towards the final course grade. This exam will be of 90 minutes duration. This will consist of two sections:
Section A: 1 essay out of a choice of 2
Section B: 3 short notes out of a choice of 5
Section A will be worth 50% of the final exam and Section B will be worth 50% of the final exam with each question in Section A being of equal value and each question in Section B being of equal value.
From 2010/11 class certificates will be valid for two years and permit a total of three attempts at the required examination within that two year period i.e. the first attempt plus up to two resits.
The resit examination is held in August. The continuous assessment mark will also be included at a student's resit and subsequent diets of examination. It is therefore imperative that students apply the same effort to their continuous assessment exercises as their exam preparation. Failure to submit this work without due cause can severely hamper the overall mark for the course.
Examination
1st attempt: Continuous assessment 30%; 90 minute written examination 70%
Resit: Continuous assessment 30%; 90 minute written examination 70%
Dr Prem Ballal
Dr Guy Bewick
Mr David Chorn
Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Dr Michael Scholz
Dr Henning Wackerhage
Prof. Miep Helfrich (MH), m.helfrich@abdn.ac.uk Dr Derek Scott (DAS), d.scott@abdn.ac.uk
If students have difficulties with any part of the course that they cannot cope with alone they should notify someone immediately. If the problem relates to the subject matter you may be best advised to contact the member of staff who is teaching that part of the course. Students with registered disabilities should contact either the Anatomy Office in The Suttie Centre, Room 317 (Mrs M. Moir m.moir@abdn.ac.uk), IMS based School Office (Miss Lyndsay McEwan l.mcewan@abdn.ac.uk) or the Old Aberdeen office associated with the teaching laboratories (Mrs S.Jones s.jones@abdn.ac.uk ) to ensure that the appropriate facilities have been made available. Otherwise, you are strongly encouraged to contact any of the following as you see appropriate:
Course student representatives.
Course co-ordinator (IS).
Convenor of the Biomedical Sciences Staff/Student Liaison Committee (Dr Gordon McEwan).
Adviser of studies.
Disabilities Co-ordinator (Dr Derryck Shewan).
Staff are based at or Foresterhill (Suttie Centre, IMS & Health Sciences Building) and we strongly encourage the use of email or telephone the SMS office. You may be wasting your time to travel to Foresterhill only to find staff unavailable.
Support Available to Students
The University is keen to help you successfully complete your studies. If at any time you feel you need assistance, there is a range of support services available to help you. These include support to assist with unexpected and/or exceptional financial difficulty, support for disabled students and academic learning support through the Student Learning Service. Further details about all these services area available at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/studenthelpguide/.
We value students’ opinions in regard to enhancing the quality of teaching and its delivery; therefore in conjunction with the Students’ Association we support the operation of a Class Representative system.
The students within each course, year, or programme elect representatives by the end of the fourth week of teaching within each half-session. In this school we operate a system of course representatives. Any student registered within a course that wishes to represent a given group of students can stand for election as a class representative. You will be informed when the elections for class representative will take place.
What will it involve?
It will involve speaking to your fellow students about the course you represent. This can include any comments that they may have. You will attend a Staff-Student Liaison Committee and you should represent the views and concerns of the students within this meeting. As a representative you will also be able to contribute to the agenda. You will then feedback to the students after this meeting with any actions that are being taken.
Training
Training for class representatives will be run by the Students Association. Training will take place in the fourth or fifth week of teaching each half-session. For more information about the Class representative system visit www.ausa.org.uk or email the VP Education & Employability vped@abdn.ac.uk. Class representatives are also eligible to undertake the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award, further information about the co-curricular award is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers.
The University operates a system for monitoring students' progress to identify students who may be experiencing difficulties in a particular course and who may be at risk of losing their class certificate. If the Course Co-ordinator has concerns about your attendance and/or performance, the Registry will be informed. The Registry will then write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to ask you to contact their office in the first instance. Depending on your reason for absence the Registry will either deal directly with your case or will refer you to your Adviser of Studies or a relevant support service. This system is operated to provide support for students who may be experiencing difficulties with their studies. Students are required to attend such meetings with their Adviser of Studies in accordance with General Regulation 8.
Set criteria are used to determine when a student should be reported in the monitoring system. You will be asked to meet your Adviser if any of the following criteria apply for this course:-
either (i) if you are absent for a continuous period of two weeks or 25% of the course (whichever is less) without good cause being reported;
or (ii) if you are absent from two small group teaching sessions e.g. (laboratory/tutorial classes) without good cause;
or (iii) if you fail to submit a piece of summative or a substantial piece of formative in-course assessment by the stated deadline
If you fail to respond within the prescribed timescale (as set out in the e-mail or letter) you will be deemed to have withdrawn from the course concerned and will accordingly be ineligible to take the end of course assessment or to enter for the resit. The Registry will write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to inform you of this decision. If you wish consideration to be given to reinstating you in the course you will be required to meet the Convener of the Students' Progress Committee.
Students who attend and complete the work required for a course are considered to have been awarded a ‘Class Certificate’. Being in possession of a valid Class Certificate for a course entitles a student to sit degree examinations for that course. From 2010/11 class certificates will be valid for two years and permit a total of three attempts at the required assessment within that two year period i.e. the first attempt plus up to two resits.
You will receive a University e-mail account when you register with the University Computing Centre. The University will normally use e-mail to communicate with you during term-time. These e-mails will be sent to your University e-mail account, which you can access using Eudora or SquirrelMail.
It is your responsibility to check your e-mail on a regular (at least weekly) basis and to tidy the contents of your e-mail inbox to ensure that it does not go over quota (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/email/mailquota.hti for guidance on managing your e-mail quota). It is recommended that you use your University e-mail account to read and respond to University communications. If you already have a non-University e-mail account that you use for personal correspondence, it is possible to set up automatic forwarding of messages from your University e-mail account to your personal e-mail address (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/local/mail.forward/) but, should you do so, it is your responsibility to ensure that this is done correctly. The University takes no responsibility for delivery of e-mails to non-University accounts.
You should note that failure to check your e-mail or failure to receive e-mail due to being over quota or due to non-delivery of an e-mail forwarded to a non-University e-mail account would not be accepted as a ground for appeal (for further information on appeals procedures, please refer to http://www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix5x17.hti).
Absence from Classes on Medical Grounds
Candidates who wish to establish that their academic performance has been adversely affected by their health are required to secure medical certificates relating to the relevant periods of ill health (see General Regulation 17.3).
The University’s policy on requiring certification for absence on medical grounds or other good cause can be accessed at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x5.pdf
You are strongly advised to make yourself fully aware of your responsibilities if you are absent due to illness or other good cause. In particular, you are asked to note that self-certification of absence for periods of absence up to and including eleven weekdays is permissible. However, where absence has prevented attendance at an examination or where it may have affected your performance in an element of assessment or where you have been unable to attend a specified teaching session, you are strongly advised to provide medical certification (see section 3 of the Policy on Certification of Absence for Medical Reasons or Other Good Cause).
Feedback Framework
Feedback on assessment:
The University recognises that the provision of timely and appropriate feedback on assessment plays a key part in students learning and teaching. The guiding principles for the provision of feedback within the University are detailed in the Institutional Framework for the Provision of Feedback on Assessment available at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x8.pdf
Enhancing Feedback:
The University recognises both the importance of providing timely and appropriate feedback on assessments to students, and of enabling students to voice views on their learning experience through channels such as Student Course Evaluation Forms and Class Representatives. FAQs, guidance and resources about feedback can be found on the University’s ‘Enhancing Feedback’ website at: www.abdn.ac.uk/clt/feedback
Appeals and Complaints
The University’s appeals and complaints procedures provide students with a framework through which to formalise their concerns about aspects of their academic experience or to complain when they feel that standards of non-academic service have fallen short of that which they expected.
The process has been designed to make the appeals and complaints process as accessible and simple as possible and to provide a robust, fair mechanism through which to ensure that all appeals and complaints are considered in the appropriate way at the appropriate level.
A major feature of the process is the emphasis it places on early or informal resolution. All students should note that there is an expectation that they will take responsibility for seeking resolution of their academic or non-academic concerns by raising and discussing them at the earliest possible stage with the relevant individuals in an academic School or administrative Service.
Further details of the processes for making an appeal or complaint, including where to find further help and support in the process, is given at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/appeals
Transcripts at Graduation
It is anticipated that students who commenced their studies in, or after, 2009/10, will receive a more detailed transcript of their studies on graduation. The increased details will include a record of all examination results attained. For students graduating in 2012/13 transcripts will show details of all CAS marks awarded, including marks which are fails. Where a resit has been required as a result of medical circumstances or other good cause (MC/GC) this will not be shown, but all other circumstances (i.e. No Paper ‘NP’) will be included.
My Aberdeen (the University of Aberdeen’s Virtual Learning
MyAberdeen replaces WebCT as students’ virtual learning environment. This is where you will find learning materials and resources associated with the courses you are studying.
MyAberdeen also provides direct access to TurnitinUK, the online originality checking service, through which you may be asked to submit completed assignments.
You can log in to MyAberdeen by going to www.abdn.ac.uk/myaberdeen and entering your University username and password (which you use to access the University network).
Further information on MyAberdeen including Quick Guides and video tutorials, along with information about TurnitinUK, can be found at: www.abdn.ac.uk/students/myaberdeen.php.
Information about academic writing and how to avoid plagiarism can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism.
Aberdeen Graduate Attributes
Graduate Attributes are a wide-ranging set of qualities which students will develop during their time at Aberdeen in preparation for employment, further study and citizenship.
There are four main areas of the Graduate Attributes:
• Academic excellence
• Critical thinking and communication
• Learning and personal development
• Active citizenship
Students have many opportunities to develop and achieve these attributes. These include learning experiences on credit-bearing courses and co-curricular activities such as work placements, study abroad and volunteering. In accordance with the University’s commitment to Equality and Diversity, students can request support with any aspect of the Graduate Attributes framework.
The ACHIEVE website offers resources that enable students to assess and reflect upon their present skills and development needs. The website also contains resources to help students to improve their skills and links to a range of university services such as the Careers Service and the Student Learning Service. Students can access ACHIEVE from their MyAberdeen site in the ‘My Organisations’ section. More information about Aberdeen Graduate Attributes and ACHIEVE can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/graduateattributes.
The Co-curriculum
The co-curriculum enhances a student’s employability and provides opportunities to develop and achieve Aberdeen Graduate Attributes. Co-curricular activities complement a student’s degree programme and include: work placements, study abroad, enterprise and entrepreneurship activities, the BP Student Tutoring Scheme, career mentoring and the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award initiative. Below are examples of credit-bearing co-curricular activities. It is anticipated that these types of activity will be included on an enhanced transcript for students graduating in, or after, 2012/13
ERASMUS is an exchange programme funded by the European Commission which enables students to study or work in another European country as part of their degree programme. Eligible students will receive a grant to help with extra costs while abroad and a number of our partner institutions teach through English. For more information, visit www.abdn.ac.uk/erasmus/. The University also has opportunities for students to study in a non-European country as part of their degree through the International Exchange Programme. International partners include universities and colleges in North America, Hong Kong and Japan (www.abdn.ac.uk/undergraduate/international-exchange.php). The University aims to ensure full academic recognition for study periods abroad, therefore the credits gained from study abroad will count towards the Aberdeen degree programme for students participating in both ERASMUS and the International Exchange Programme.
Work placements can also form an integral part of a degree programme and attract academic credit. Placements are available locally, nationally and internationally, lasting from a few weeks to a full year and are generally paid. Visit the Careers Service website for further placement information and to find available work placements.
Further information about the co-curriculum is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers
TurnitinUK
TurnitinUK is an online service which compares student assignments with online sources including web pages, databases of reference material, and content previously submitted by other users across the UK. The software makes no decision as to whether plagiarism has occurred; it is simply a tool which highlights sections of text that have been found in other sources thereby helping academic staff decide whether plagiarism has occurred.
As of Academic Year 2011/12, TurnitinUK will be accessed directly through MyAberdeen. Advice about avoiding plagiarism, the University’s Definition of Plagiarism, a Checklist for Students, Referencing and Citing guidance, and instructions for TurnitinUK, can be found in the following area of the Student Learning Service website www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism/.
School of Medical Sciences - Guide to Citing and Referencing
This guide should be used to assist you when completing any work for disciplines in the School of Medical Sciences. All work should include citations at appropriate places in the text, with a complete reference list at the end of the assignment. If diagrams/ graphs/ tables are copied or adapted from other publications/ websites, the sources must also be cited in the legend for that item, and included in your reference list.
Good citing and referencing not only improves the quality of your work, but it gives credit to the authors of original work, and makes it less likely that you can be accused of plagiarism. Further guidance on writing and plagiarism may be found at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing/ . When you submit work for marking, you are declaring that YOU are the author, that you have not copied it or plagiarised any material from other sources, AND that all sources of information have been acknowledged in your text. Students may be penalised by the University if found guilty of plagiarism.
Students are warned to be careful if using websites as sources of information. These may be inaccurate and are often not peer-reviewed. You are strongly encouraged to use advanced textbooks, peer-reviewed papers or reviews as the sources of your information in your work. Students are also advised to avoid quoting chunks of text in their work. Just because you put quotation marks around some text does not mean that you have not plagiarised it. Try and explain ideas and concepts in your own words.
The referencing style used here is Harvard, similar to that recommended by the University Library (see their factsheet for further information on referencing). Students must use this style of citing and referencing for all work. Other styles are not acceptable. Marks may be deducted if students do not cite or reference properly (see specific marking schemes for details).
Citing references within the text
You must provide citations in the text at the appropriate places by putting the author’s surname and year of publication in round brackets immediately after the relevant text (author, date method).
Author, date method
Jones et al. (1999) has argued that….
Studies have produced conflicting results…..(Bloggs, 2000; MacDuff et al., 1993)
Smith stated (1990)…..and then later work confirmed this (2003)…..
Bloggs (2001) investigated…..
One author (Bloggs, 2000)
Two authors (Smith & Jones, 1982)
Three or more authors (Chesterfield et al., 1995)
If the same author(s) wrote two or more papers in the same year Thwaites et al. stated (1990a)…..and then provided further evidence (1990b)…..
N.B. “et al.” should be in italics, as should all other Latin words/phrases in your text (e.g. in vitro). There is also a full stop after “et al.”, since it is an abbreviation of “et alia” (“and others”).
Listing your references at the end of your work
Your list of references must place the surnames of the first authors in alphabetical order. List all authors of a piece of work unless there are a large number.
Format of references at the end of your work
Book - whole Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. & Flower, R.J. (2007) Pharmacology. 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book – article or chapter within Johnson, D. & Smart, J.S. (1983) Advanced techniques in measuring athletic performance. In: S. Roberts, ed., Sports Science in the Laboratory. London: Macmillan, pp. 3-28.
Journal – article within Furchgott, R.F., Zawadzki, J.V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288(5789), 373-6.
Website Department for Education and Employment (2000). Student loans: guidance on terms and conditions from April 2000. [online]. Available from: http://www.dfee.gov.uk/loan2000/index.html [Accessed 23rd March 2006]
