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The course is designed to give the students a basic understanding of the mechanisms of disease such as cancer and the principles of chemotherapy using as examples the treatment of infection, cancer and inflammation. The rational use of specific drugs will be described, as will the problems of drug resistance. Current therapeutic use of anticancer drugs will be discussed. Specific drugs will be described in detail to illustrate the key principles involved. Synthesis and function of eicosanoids will be discussed.
Course Co-ordinator: Dr Heather M. Wallace (ext. 7956)
At the end of the course the student will:
1. Have a basic understanding of the development of cancer in man.
2. Have knowledge of the use of drugs in cancer therapy and cancer chemoprevention.
3. Understand the principles of chemotherapy used in various situations - cancer, infection, immunity.
4. Have an understanding of the process of infection by a variety of agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites).
5. Be able to explain the rational use of drugs in disease therapy.
6. Have knowledge of drug resistance and its modulation.
7. Understand the principles of immunosuppression and the drugs used.
8. Be able to outline the processes associated with inflammation and understand basic therapies associated with the inflammatory response.
Throughout the course emphasis will be placed on understanding the principles of understanding why drugs are effective.
1. Introduction to cancer biology: Dr Heather Wallace
Introduction to the course and explanation of the assessment and practical classes. Definition of cancer and description of the basis of cancer development.
2. Principles of cancer chemotherapy: Dr Heather Wallace
The principles and aims of cancer chemotherapy. Identification of targets for chemotherapy. Coverage of the major classes of anticancer drugs. Explanations of the toxicity of the anticancer drugs. Mechanisms of modulating or limiting toxicity. Concept of combination chemotherapy.
3. Cancer drug resistance: Dr Heather Wallace
The basic mechanisms of drug resistance to antibiotics and anticancer drugs. The mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance occurs, is spread and the ways in which it can be overcome. The development of resistance in cancer cells and the mechanisms of anticancer drug resistance including multi-drug resistance, glutathione associated drug resistance and atypical multi-drug resistance. The concept of resistance modifiers and their success.
4. New therapies for cancer: Dr Elaina Collie-Duguid
This lecture will outline cancer as a polygenic disease and the genetic basis of risk of developing cancer. The cellular and molecular complexity of cancer will be explored. The relationship between genomic variation, environmental factors and cancer risk will be discussed. Many genome wide associations studies, focussed on analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome, have been performed in recent years in large cohorts of cancer patients to identify the genetic basis of cancer risk. However the results of these studies were in many ways disappointing with a large heritability void remaining. More recent studies of new discovered types of human genetic variation and epigenomic variation, which may underpin susceptibility to common polygenic diseases such as cancer, will be examined.
5. Pathology of cancer: Professor Graeme Murray
•Introduction to pathology of cancer
•Definition, classification and nomenclature of cancer
•Concepts of tumour invasion and metastasis
•Modes of tumour spread
•Introduction to models of metastasis
6. Nutrition and Cancer: Dr Iain Brown
Risk of cancer can be increased by poor diet. In this lecture the relationship between what we eat and our risk of cancer will be explored. We shall look at specific important aspects of the diet including fats, vitamins, antioxidants and how they can be used to treat cancer or reduce the chance of it occurring in the first place.
7. New therapies for cancer: Dr Elaina Collie-Duguid
In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in the approach to treatment of patients with cancer. Tumours were previously classified according to their anatomical site and histopathological subtype and these features play a critical role in treatment selection due to the distinct relationships between each subtype and therapeutic response or patient prognosis. However, it is now well understood that each of these histopathological and anatomical cancer subtypes are made up of diverse molecular subgroups each with distinct oncogenic drivers and patient prognoses. Discovery of these critical oncogenic drivers in subgroups of cancer patients with different molecular disease subtypes has been exploited in drug development. The aim is to identify and treat specific molecular cancer subgroups with agents targeted against the molecular driver in an attempt to improve the therapeutic response and patient outcomes. This has led to a companion biomarker targeted agent approach in the treatment of many cancers. This lecture will outline the background and rationale to companion drug development and will provide specific examples of targeted agents in current clinical use or in the development pipeline.
8. Cancer Chemoprevention: Dr Heather Wallace
An overview of chemprevention focussing on advances made in the prevention of breast and colon cancer through epidemiological, in vitro and in vivo studies. This lecture will also cover the criteria for selection of a candidate chemopreventative agent plus the refinement and revaluation of currently suggested chemopreventatives. Agents used and the relative success and failure rates.
9. Cancer Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy: Dr Keith Stewart
This lecture will look at the role of the immune system in Cancer and how more often than not the cancer evades destruction by the immune system. This teaching session will also look at the emerging field of immune-therapeutics using cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer.
10-11. Immunosuppressive drugs I & II: Dr Keith Stewart
These two lectures will look at the problems of clinical transplantation and the important role of immunosuppressive drugs and biological agents in overcoming the main barrier to transplantation that of rejection by the immune system.
The first lecture will give you an understanding of the main barriers to successful transplantation particularly the role of the immune system in rejection.
The second lecture will deal with the mode of action of immunosuppressive drugs in preventing graft loss. Infection and occasionally lymphomas (cancer) remain worrying side-effects of the current broad spectrum immunosuppressive therapies.
The development of more specific immunosuppressive agents, including monoclonal antibody therapies remain an important goals in transplantation.
12. Inflammatory disease: Dr Georgina Hold
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of two major disorders – ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Each has distinct clinical, endoscopic, pathologic and radiologic appearances but the aetiology and pathogenesis remains poorly understood and IBD remains a huge health burden on society. The aim of this overview lecture is to cover the aetiology, epidemiology and pathology of IBD, to delve into the risk factors of the disease and also the molecular mechanisms. Finally an introduction to IBD treatment and how it has evolved as our understanding of the disease has improved.
13. Antiinflammatory Drugs: Dr Heather Wallace
Description of the classes of anti-inflammatory drugs and their use.
14. Infectious disease: Dr Pieter Van West
Introduction to Infectious Diseases. The emphasis of this lecture is on the key concepts and strategies that microbes use to infect humans.
Bacterial and Eukaryotic pathogens including fungi and malaria will be presented and discussed in detail.
15. Antibiotics: Dr Phil Cash
The development of antibiotics has been a major factor in the control of bacterial diseases. Antibiotics target unique activities that are unique for bacteria with minimal side effects to the host. This lecture will describe examples of specific antibiotics and consider their sites of action and the evolution of resistance in bacteria.
16. Antivirals: Dr Phil Cash
The development of successful antivirals is difficult due to the close integration of virus replication cycle with the host cell infected by the virus meaning that it is difficult to identify specific targets for the virus. This lecture will consider some of the possible targets that have been considered and will describe the use of successful antivirals against Herpes Simplex Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus as examples of these drugs.
Laboratory Work
Cell Culture Lecture and Practical.
This will take the form of a Cell Culture practical. Please ensure that you bring clean white laboratory coats to the practical and observe the Safety Instructions enclosed with the laboratory manual.
Laboratory reports should be prepared with the aid of a word-processor and the data analysed with the aid of appropriate software packages. The DEADLINE for handing in completed laboratory reports as specified in the practical schedule.
Course Assignments
There are 3 assignments in the course: one essay; one presentation and one practical report. The assignments form part of your continuous assessment for the course and the marks will contribute to your final CAS mark for the course. Failure to complete assignments will result in your not being awarded a class certificate and therefore not permitted to sit degree examinations for this course.
There is a regular programme of seminars given throughout the academic year by invited specialists from within the broad field of biomedical research.
These are usually held on Thursdays from 12noon -1pm in the IMS Building at Foresterhill (check the School or IMS websites for specific locations of seminars).
As you are studying within research-driven disciplines, we strongly feel that you should attend these whenever possible, with a view to broadening your appreciation of medical sciences. You will also be directed to attend any other relevant seminars when they arise.
General Reading List
Rang, HP, Dale, MM & Ritter, JM and Moore, PK (2003) Pharmacology (5th Edition)
Chapter 44 pp 620-634: Basic principles of chemotherapy
Chapter 50 pp 693-710: Cancer chemotherapy
Chapter 45 pp 635-653: Antibacterial agents
Chapter 46 pp 654-665: Antiviral drugs
Chapter 47 pp 666-671: Antifungal drugs
Chapter 16 pp 244-263: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs
The University has strict regulations on plagiarism. If you are unsure about what constitutes plagiarism read the University guide on plagiarism at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing
Copying or plagiarising another persons work, either from other students or published material in books or papers and submitted as your own for assessment is considered a form of cheating. This is considered by the University to be a serious offence and will be penalised according to the extent involved and whether it is decided there was an attempt at deliberate deception, or whether bad practice was involved. If you do use information or ideas obtained from textbooks or other published material you must give a precise reference to the source both at the appropriate point in your narrative and in a list of references at the end of your work. Direct quotations from published material should be indicated by quotation marks and referenced in the text as above.
The course will be assessed by both continuous assessment of course work and by written examination. Weightings will be 75% written examination and 25% continuous assessment. All examination and assignments will be marked on the common assessment scale (CAS, copy attached).
Written examination
•One paper of 1.5 hours with 2 questions to be answered out of 4.
Continuous Assessment
•One essay; one presentation; one laboratory report.
Resit Examination
•One written paper of 1.5 hours with 2 questions to be answered out of 4. Students must pass the written resit examination.
Dr Pieter van West
Dr Heather Wallace
Dr Iain Brown (IB), Applied Medicine Dr Keith Stewart (KNS), Applied Medicine Prof Graeme I. Murray (GIM), Pathology Dr Elaina Collie-Duguid (ECD), Applied Medicine Dr Julie Crockett, Applied Medicine Dr G Hold, Applied Medicine Dr P Cash, School of Medical Sciences
If students have difficulties with any part of the course that they cannot cope with alone they should notify someone immediately. If the problem relates to the subject matter you may be best advised to contact the member of staff who is teaching that part of the course. Students with registered disabilities should contact either (Miss Stephanie Sweeney ssweeney@abdn.ac.uk), room 2:62:3, IMS Building, Foresterhill or (Mrs Sheila Jones s.jones@abdn.ac.uk), Zoology Teaching Laboratories, Old Aberdeen to ensure that the appropriate facilities have been made available. Otherwise, you are strongly encouraged to contact any of the following as you see appropriate:
Course Student Representatives.
Course Co-ordinator (Dr Heather M Wallace).
Convenor of the BMS Staff/Student Liaison Committee (Dr Gordon McEwan).
Adviser of Studies.
School Disabilities Co-ordinator (Dr Derryck Shewan)
Staff are based at Foresterhill and we strongly encourage the use of email or telephone the School Office. You may be wasting your time to travel to Foresterhill only to find staff unavailable.
Support Available to Students
The University is keen to help you successfully complete your studies. If at any time you feel you need assistance, there is a range of support services available to help you. These include support to assist with unexpected and/or exceptional financial difficulty, support for disabled students and academic learning support through the Student Learning Service. Further details about all these services area available at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/studenthelpguide/.
We value students’ opinions in regard to enhancing the quality of teaching and its delivery; therefore in conjunction with the Students’ Association we support the operation of a Class Representative system.
The students within each course, year, or programme elect representatives by the end of the fourth week of teaching within each half-session. In this school we operate a system of course representatives. Any student registered within a course that wishes to represent a given group of students can stand for election as a class representative. You will be informed when the elections for class representative will take place.
What will it involve?
It will involve speaking to your fellow students about the course you represent. This can include any comments that they may have. You will attend a Staff-Student Liaison Committee and you should represent the views and concerns of the students within this meeting. As a representative you will also be able to contribute to the agenda. You will then feedback to the students after this meeting with any actions that are being taken.
Training
Training for class representatives will be run by the Students Association. Training will take place in the fourth or fifth week of teaching each half-session. For more information about the Class representative system visit www.ausa.org.uk or email the VP Education & Employability vped@abdn.ac.uk. Class representatives are also eligible to undertake the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award, further information about the co-curricular award is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers.
The University operates a system for monitoring students' progress to identify students who may be experiencing difficulties in a particular course and who may be at risk of losing their class certificate. If the Course Co-ordinator has concerns about your attendance and/or performance, the Registry will be informed. The Registry will then write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to ask you to contact their office in the first instance. Depending on your reason for absence the Registry will either deal directly with your case or will refer you to your Adviser of Studies or a relevant support service. This system is operated to provide support for students who may be experiencing difficulties with their studies. Students are required to attend such meetings with their Adviser of Studies in accordance with General Regulation 8.
Set criteria are used to determine when a student should be reported in the monitoring system. You will be asked to meet your Adviser if any of the following criteria apply for this course:-
either (i) if you are absent for a continuous period of two weeks or 25% of the course (whichever is less) without good cause being reported;
or (ii) if you are absent from two small group teaching sessions e.g. (laboratory/tutorial classes) without good cause;
or (iii) if you fail to submit a piece of summative or a substantial piece of formative in-course assessment by the stated deadline
If you fail to respond within the prescribed timescale (as set out in the e-mail or letter) you will be deemed to have withdrawn from the course concerned and will accordingly be ineligible to take the end of course assessment or to enter for the resit. The Registry will write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to inform you of this decision. If you wish consideration to be given to reinstating you in the course you will be required to meet the Convener of the Students' Progress Committee.
Absence from Classes on Medical Grounds
Candidates who wish to establish that their academic performance has been adversely affected by their health are required to secure medical certificates relating to the relevant periods of ill health (see General Regulation 17.3).
The University’s policy on requiring certification for absence on medical grounds or other good cause can be accessed at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x5.pdf
You are strongly advised to make yourself fully aware of your responsibilities if you are absent due to illness or other good cause. In particular, you are asked to note that self-certification of absence for periods of absence up to and including eleven weekdays is permissible. However, where absence has prevented attendance at an examination or where it may have affected your performance in an element of assessment or where you have been unable to attend a specified teaching session, you are strongly advised to provide medical certification (see section 3 of the Policy on Certification of Absence for Medical Reasons or Other Good Cause).
Students who attend and complete the work required for a course are considered to have been awarded a ‘Class Certificate’. Being in possession of a valid Class Certificate for a course entitles a student to sit degree examinations for that course. From 2010/11 class certificates will be valid for two years and permit a total of three attempts at the required assessment within that two year period i.e. the first attempt plus up to two resits.
You will receive a University e-mail account when you register with the University Computing Centre. The University will normally use e-mail to communicate with you during term-time. These e-mails will be sent to your University e-mail account, which you can access using Eudora or SquirrelMail.
It is your responsibility to check your e-mail on a regular (at least weekly) basis and to tidy the contents of your e-mail inbox to ensure that it does not go over quota (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/email/mailquota.hti for guidance on managing your e-mail quota). It is recommended that you use your University e-mail account to read and respond to University communications. If you already have a non-University e-mail account that you use for personal correspondence, it is possible to set up automatic forwarding of messages from your University e-mail account to your personal e-mail address (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/local/mail.forward/) but, should you do so, it is your responsibility to ensure that this is done correctly. The University takes no responsibility for delivery of e-mails to non-University accounts.
You should note that failure to check your e-mail or failure to receive e-mail due to being over quota or due to non-delivery of an e-mail forwarded to a non-University e-mail account would not be accepted as a ground for appeal (for further information on appeals procedures, please refer to http://www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix5x17.hti).
Lecture Locations
All lectures will take place in Polwarth Lecture Theatre (LT3), Auditorium, Rooms 2:054; 1:034, 1:032/033, 1:147 Polwarth Building, Foresterhill.
Practicals will be held in Lab 2:054 Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Tuesday 19th March
TurnitinUK
TurnitinUK is an online service which compares student assignments with online sources including web pages, databases of reference material, and content previously submitted by other users across the UK. The software makes no decision as to whether plagiarism has occurred; it is simply a tool which highlights sections of text that have been found in other sources thereby helping academic staff decide whether plagiarism has occurred.
As of Academic Year 2011/12, TurnitinUK will be accessed directly through MyAberdeen. Advice about avoiding plagiarism, the University’s Definition of Plagiarism, a Checklist for Students, Referencing and Citing guidance, and instructions for TurnitinUK, can be found in the following area of the Student Learning Service website www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism/.
Feedback Framework
Feedback on assessment:
The University recognises that the provision of timely and appropriate feedback on assessment plays a key part in students learning and teaching. The guiding principles for the provision of feedback within the University are detailed in the Institutional Framework for the Provision of Feedback on Assessment available at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x8.pdf
Enhancing Feedback:
The University recognises both the importance of providing timely and appropriate feedback on assessments to students, and of enabling students to voice views on their learning experience through channels such as Student Course Evaluation Forms and Class Representatives. FAQs, guidance and resources about feedback can be found on the University’s ‘Enhancing Feedback’ website at: www.abdn.ac.uk/clt/feedback
Appeals and Complaints
The University’s appeals and complaints procedures provide students with a framework through which to formalise their concerns about aspects of their academic experience or to complain when they feel that standards of non-academic service have fallen short of that which they expected.
The process has been designed to make the appeals and complaints process as accessible and simple as possible and to provide a robust, fair mechanism through which to ensure that all appeals and complaints are considered in the appropriate way at the appropriate level.
A major feature of the process is the emphasis it places on early or informal resolution. All students should note that there is an expectation that they will take responsibility for seeking resolution of their academic or non-academic concerns by raising and discussing them at the earliest possible stage with the relevant individuals in an academic School or administrative Service.
Further details of the processes for making an appeal or complaint, including where to find further help and support in the process, is given at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/appeals
Transcripts at Graduation
It is anticipated that students who commenced their studies in, or after, 2009/10, will receive a more detailed transcript of their studies on graduation. The increased details will include a record of all examination results attained. For students graduating in 2012/13 transcripts will show details of all CAS marks awarded, including marks which are fails. Where a resit has been required as a result of medical circumstances or other good cause (MC/GC) this will not be shown, but all other circumstances (i.e. No Paper ‘NP’) will be included.
My Aberdeen (the University of Aberdeen’s Virtual Learning Environment)
MyAberdeen replaces WebCT as students’ virtual learning environment. This is where you will find learning materials and resources associated with the courses you are studying.
MyAberdeen also provides direct access to TurnitinUK, the online originality checking service, through which you may be asked to submit completed assignments.
You can log in to MyAberdeen by going to www.abdn.ac.uk/myaberdeen and entering your University username and password (which you use to access the University network).
Further information on MyAberdeen including Quick Guides and video tutorials, along with information about TurnitinUK, can be found at: www.abdn.ac.uk/students/myaberdeen.php.
Information about academic writing and how to avoid plagiarism can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism.
Aberdeen Graduate Attributes
Graduate Attributes are a wide-ranging set of qualities which students will develop during their time at Aberdeen in preparation for employment, further study and citizenship.
There are four main areas of the Graduate Attributes:
•Academic excellence
•Critical thinking and communication
•Learning and personal development
•Active citizenship
Students have many opportunities to develop and achieve these attributes. These include learning experiences on credit-bearing courses and co-curricular activities such as work placements, study abroad and volunteering. In accordance with the University’s commitment to Equality and Diversity, students can request support with any aspect of the Graduate Attributes framework.
The ACHIEVE website offers resources that enable students to assess and reflect upon their present skills and development needs. The website also contains resources to help students to improve their skills and links to a range of university services such as the Careers Service and the Student Learning Service. Students can access ACHIEVE from their MyAberdeen site in the ‘My Organisations’ section. More information about Aberdeen Graduate Attributes and ACHIEVE can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/graduateattributes.
The Co-curriculum
The co-curriculum enhances a student’s employability and provides opportunities to develop and achieve Aberdeen Graduate Attributes. Co-curricular activities complement a student’s degree programme and include: work placements, study abroad, enterprise and entrepreneurship activities, the BP Student Tutoring Scheme, career mentoring and the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award initiative. Below are examples of credit-bearing co-curricular activities. It is anticipated that these types of activity will be included on an enhanced transcript for students graduating in, or after, 2012/13
ERASMUS is an exchange programme funded by the European Commission which enables students to study or work in another European country as part of their degree programme. Eligible students will receive a grant to help with extra costs while abroad and a number of our partner institutions teach through English. For more information, visit www.abdn.ac.uk/erasmus/. The University also has opportunities for students to study in a non-European country as part of their degree through the International Exchange Programme. International partners include universities and colleges in North America, Hong Kong and Japan (www.abdn.ac.uk/undergraduate/international-exchange.php). The University aims to ensure full academic recognition for study periods abroad, therefore the credits gained from study abroad will count towards the Aberdeen degree programme for students participating in both ERASMUS and the International Exchange Programme.
Work placements can also form an integral part of a degree programme and attract academic credit. Placements are available locally, nationally and internationally, lasting from a few weeks to a full year and are generally paid. Visit the Careers Service website for further placement information and to find available work placements.
Further information about the co-curriculum is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers
Hand-in Dates
Assignment Hand-in Date
Essay 1st May 2013
Practical 16th April 2013
Presentation 26th April 2013
School of Medical Sciences - Guide to Citing and Referencing
This guide should be used to assist you when completing any work for disciplines in the School of Medical Sciences. All work should include citations at appropriate places in the text, with a complete reference list at the end of the assignment. If diagrams/ graphs/ tables are copied or adapted from other publications/ websites, the sources must also be cited in the legend for that item, and included in your reference list.
Good citing and referencing not only improves the quality of your work, but it gives credit to the authors of original work, and makes it less likely that you can be accused of plagiarism. Further guidance on writing and plagiarism may be found at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing/ . When you submit work for marking, you are declaring that YOU are the author, that you have not copied it or plagiarised any material from other sources, AND that all sources of information have been acknowledged in your text. Students may be penalised by the University if found guilty of plagiarism.
Students are warned to be careful if using websites as sources of information. These may be inaccurate and are often not peer-reviewed. You are strongly encouraged to use advanced textbooks, peer-reviewed papers or reviews as the sources of your information in your work. Students are also advised to avoid quoting chunks of text in their work. Just because you put quotation marks around some text does not mean that you have not plagiarised it. Try and explain ideas and concepts in your own words.
The referencing style used here is Harvard, similar to that recommended by the University Library (see their factsheet for further information on referencing). Students must use this style of citing and referencing for all work. Other styles are not acceptable. Marks may be deducted if students do not cite or reference properly (see specific marking schemes for details).
Citing references within the text
You must provide citations in the text at the appropriate places by putting the author’s surname and year of publication in round brackets immediately after the relevant text (author, date method).
Author, date method
Jones et al. (1999) has argued that….
Studies have produced conflicting results…..(Bloggs, 2000; MacDuff et al., 1993)
Smith stated (1990)…..and then later work confirmed this (2003)…..
Bloggs (2001) investigated…..
One author (Bloggs, 2000)
Two authors (Smith & Jones, 1982)
Three or more authors (Chesterfield et al., 1995)
If the same author(s) wrote two or more papers in the same year Thwaites et al. stated (1990a)…..and then provided further evidence (1990b)…..
N.B. “et al.” should be in italics, as should all other Latin words/phrases in your text (e.g. in vitro). There is also a full stop after “et al.”, since it is an abbreviation of “et alia” (“and others”).
Listing your references at the end of your work
Your list of references must place the surnames of the first authors in alphabetical order. List all authors of a piece of work unless there are a large number.
Format of references at the end of your work
Book - whole Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. & Flower, R.J. (2007) Pharmacology. 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book – article or chapter within Johnson, D. & Smart, J.S. (1983) Advanced techniques in measuring athletic performance. In: S. Roberts, ed., Sports Science in the Laboratory. London: Macmillan, pp. 3-28.
Journal – article within Furchgott, R.F., Zawadzki, J.V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288(5789), 373-6.
Website Department for Education and Employment (2000). Student loans: guidance on terms and conditions from April 2000. [online]. Available from: http://www.dfee.gov.uk/loan2000/index.html [Accessed 23rd March 2006]
