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This course will introduce students to the scientific basis of nutrition and will provide them with an understanding of the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health from childhood to old age.
The course consists of 3 one hour lectures each week, 3 one hour tutorials and 6 laboratory sessions. It is examined by continuous assessment of course work (laboratory report and 2000 word essay) and a 3-hour written exam.
Course Co-ordinator: Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi (ext. 8021) a.mavroeidi@abdn.ac.uk
1.Know the principle constituents of food
2.Understand the principles of energy balance
3.Be able to describe the methodologies used to assess dietary intake
4.Understand how the UK dietary reference values are derived and how they are used
5.Understand the principle of assessing nutritional status
6.Appreciate the role of nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence and old age
7.Appreciate the role of nutrition in the development and prevention of common diet-related diseases in the UK such as cancer, coronary heart disease, obesity, bone disease and hypertension
8.Discuss the role of nutrition policy in the promotion of diet and health
1. Course introduction – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Distribution of course material, outline of the course and general introduction
2. Introduction to nutrition – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
This lecture aims to make the student understand the science of human nutrition that deals with all the effects on people of any component found in food. It will remind the students of the physiological and biochemical process involved in nourishment and how substances in food provide energy.
Module 1: Components of food
3. Macronutrients- Protein – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Definition of protein, building blocks of protein, protein quality, dietary sources of protein and diseases associated with protein over and under nutrition
4. Macronutrients – Fat - Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Definition of fat, building blocks of fats, different types of fat, dietary sources of fats and diseases associated with fat over and under nutrition
5 . Macronutrients – Carbohydrates - Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Definition of carbohydrates, building blocks of carbohydrates, dietary sources of carbohydrates and diseases associated with carbohydrate over and under nutrition
6 & 7. Micronutrients – Vitamins and minerals – Dr Linsey Mills
What constitutes a vitamin, which are the different vitamins, dietary sources, function, deficiency, who might be at risk of a deficiency and toxicity? What constitutes a mineral, which are the different minerals, dietary sources, function, deficiency, who might be at risk of a deficiency and toxicity?
Module 2: Energy intake and expenditure
8 & 9. Energy expenditure – Dr Alexandra Johnstone
Human energy needs and how they can be measured. Advantages and disadvantages of each method, practical applications and issues
10. Nutritional assessment- Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
The different methodologies of assessing nutritional status will be explored
11. Dietary reference values - Dr Alison Jenkinson
What are the UK dietary reference values? How were they derived, what do they mean? Examples of DRVs for different nutrients
12. Dietary assessment - Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Different tools for assessing dietary intake at population and individual level will be looked at. Advantages and disadvantages of each method will be discussed. The student will also be able to put this into practice during the Dietary analysis practical.
Module 3: Diet and disease
13 . Diet and obesity – Dr Cath Rolland
This lecture will look at the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Western world, aetiology, associated health problems and ways to tackle obesity
14. The gene and pathways regulating energy balance - Dr Nigel Hoggard
This lecture will look in detail at the endocrine and physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of energy balance and body weight, and will determine how dysregulation leads to obesity and its associated pathologies.
15. Diet and childhood obesity - Dr Diane Jackson
The prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst children, aetiology, associated health problems and ways to tackle obesity in this specific population group will be discussed.
16. Diet and diabetes mellitus - Dr Cath Roland
Pathophyisiology of diabetes and involvement of diet in the development and management of the disease. Interplay between diet and drug controlled diabetes
17. Diet and cancer- Dr Janet Kyle
Pathophysiology of the disease and interplay with diet. Review of the evidence that links different types of cancers with diet. Are there any specific foods (and nutrients) that are good or bad for developing cancer? Can certain cancers be prevented with good nutrition?
18. Diet and colorectal cancer – Dr Janet Kyle
Review of the evidence that links colorectal cancers with diet, can we prevent them be eating the right stuff?
19. Diet and bone diseases - Dr Helen Macdonald
A gentle reminder of bone physiology and of the factors determining bone strength. Nutrients and dietary habits linked with osteoporosis. What else apart from calcium and vitamin D, is important for strong bones?
20. Diet and heart disease – Dr Frank Thies
Overview of the heart diseases aetiology for the development of these diseases. Why is diet a risk factor? Which specific foods and nutrients are linked with the diseases?
21. Diet and hypertension– Dr Frank Thies
What is the scientific evidence that links diet with hypertension?
Module 3: Nutrition in specific populations
22. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation - Dr Debbi Marais
In utero nutrition is thought to play an important role for the development of the embryo and his/her quality of life as an adult, why? What are the specific nutrient requirements for both mum and newborn?
23. Nutrition in Infancy - Dr Debbi Marais
What are the specific nutrient requirements at different stages (from baby to toddler). Advantages of breastfeeding vs. formula milk and healthy weaning strategies.
24. Nutrition in childhood and adolescence – Dr Diane Jackson
What are the specific issues with dietary habits at this age group? Why is the right nutrition important at this stage of life?
25. Nutrition and ageing – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
This lecture will look at the physiological changes that occur with ageing and how these might affect nutritional intake and/or alter nutritional requirements.
26. Nutrition in athletic populations - Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Why is nutrition important for athletic performance? Do athletes need more protein? What is the optimum carbohydrate intake for different athletic disciplines? What are the advantages of using sports drinks vs water?
27. Dietary supplements: antioxidants, creatine and other ergogenic aids – Dr Alison Jenkinson
This lecture will give you an overview of the most common dietary ergogenics aids used by athletes, discussing relevant mechanisms of action, suitability for different athletic disciplines, safety and efficacy.
28. Dietary recommendations - Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
An overview of all nutrient and dietary recommendations in the UK with particular emphasis on the Scottish diet.
29. Turning good intentions into good lifestyle behaviours – Dr Clare Cooper
This lecture will give you an overview of the psychological issues and barriers associated with changing lifestyle behaviours.
30. Final Review of the Course, Exam Information & Course Evaluation - Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
An overview of how all the taught material links together. What are the take home messages of this course? Plus information regarding the examination.
Laboratory Work
1.Vitamin C practical
This wet lab based practical will explore the extraction of the water soluble vitamin C from a number of sources (including different fruit and vegetables).
2.Library based practical
This will be computer based and led by the Library staff that will introduce literature search strategies and will give an overview of the citation manager RefWorks. The knowledge obtained in this practical would be pivotal for the successful completion of the two continuous assessments.
3.Visit to the Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health
This will take place at the RINH premises at Bucksburn. You will have the chance to be shown around the Human Unit facilities, see the equipment used, get a brief overview of the current ongoing research at the Unit, and meet the staff working there.
4.Dietary analysis (2 whole days practicals)
This will be in conjunction with SR3506. A computer based practical that will involve analysis of a food diary using a dietary software (available at classrooms at Foresterhill site). The written report will form an important component of the continuous assessment.
5.Mock exam
This will be in conjunction with SR3506. You will be given a past exam question in the morning of the session, you will be able to go away and research the question and you will return in the afternoon to attempt to answer the question under exam conditions. Your essays will then be marked and feedback will be given in Tutorial 3.
6.Problem solving practical session
This will prepare you for your problem solving exam in year 4 and give you an insight on how to critically appraise scientific papers.
Please read the student notes concerned with behaviour and safety in the laboratories.
The practical work required in this course may present difficulties to students with special educational needs. For such students, alternative arrangements will be made. Any student with special needs should make these known to the Course Co-ordinator when registering for the class, and should then also discuss their needs with the School Disabilities Co-ordinator, to ensure that they have the best possible outcome.
Tutorial Work
Three tutorials will be carried out to provide general feedback from the continuous assessment.
Tutorial 1 – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Feedback on dietary analysis practical. Identification of common mistakes and ways to avoid them in the future.
Tutorial 2 – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Feedback on essay topic.
Tutorial 3 – Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Feedback on the mock exam
There is a regular programme of seminars given throughout the academic year by invited specialists from within the broad field of biomedical research.
These are usually held on Thursdays from 12noon -1pm in the IMS Building at Foresterhill (check the School or IMS websites for specific locations of seminars).
As you are studying within research-driven disciplines, we strongly feel that you should attend these whenever possible, with a view to broadening your appreciation of medical sciences. You will also be directed to attend any other relevant seminars when they arise.
Core textbooks
1.Essentials of Human Nutrition (3rd ed) edited by J Mann and A Stewart Truswell (2007), ISBN: 978-0-19-929097-0
2.Dietary Reference Values for Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, HMSO (1991), ISBN: 0- 113- 21397-2
Other recommended textbooks
1.Human Nutrition and Dietetics (10th ed), Edited by J S Garrow & W P T James and A Ralph, Churchill Livingstone (2000), ISBN:0-443-05627-7
2.Human Nutrition - A Health Perspective (2nd ed), Mary E Barasi, Arnold (2003), ISBN:0-340-81025-4
3.Introduction to Human Nutrition and Metabolism (3rd ed), David A Bender, Taylor & Francis (2002), ISBN:0-415-25799-9
There are a range of titles available from the library focusing on material relevant to this course. Whilst most of these are held in the Medical School library at Foresterhill, they can be delivered to QML for your convenience.
The University has strict regulations on plagiarism. If you are unsure about what constitutes plagiarism read the University guide on plagiarism at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing
Copying or plagiarising another persons work, either from other students or published material in books or papers and submitted as your own for assessment is considered a form of cheating. This is considered by the University to be a serious offence and will be penalised according to the extent involved and whether it is decided there was an attempt at deliberate deception, or whether bad practice was involved. If you do use information or ideas obtained from textbooks or other published material you must give a precise reference to the source both at the appropriate point in your narrative and in a list of references at the end of your work. Direct quotations from published material should be indicated by quotation marks and referenced in the text as above.
Students are expected to attend all lectures, laboratory classes, and tutorials, and to complete all class exercises by stated deadlines. The minimum performance acceptable is attendance at 75% of the lectures, seminars, practical classes, and presentation of all set course work, written and oral.
Assessment is derived from course work (30%) and a written examination (70%). The continuous assessment will be based on the food diary assignment (15%) and the 2000 word essay (15%).
Continuous assessment: 30% of the total assessment
• The Food diary assignment will be the report from the dietary analysis practical (due to be handed in by Thursday 17/3/2013 in week 35).
• The 2000 word essay - topic to be decided- due to be handed in by Thursday 18/4/2013 in week 41).
Written Examination: 70% of the total assessment is based on one 3 hour written paper.
Common assessment scale (CAS) grade: The overall performance of the student is expressed as a grade awarded on the common spine marking scale.
The degree examination is held in May, with the re-sit examination in August.
Dr Alison Jenkinson
Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Ms Mel Bickerton (MB) Information Consultant, Medical Sciences Library Dr Clare Cooper (CC) Health Psychology (clare.cooper@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Nigel Hoggard (NH), RINH (n.hoggard@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Diane Jackson (DJ), RINH (d.jackson@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Alexandra Johnstone (AJ), RINH (alex.johnstone@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Janet Kyle (JK), Population Health (j.kyle@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Helen Macdonald (HMM), Medicine (h.macdonald@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Debbi Marais (DM), Population Health (debbi.marais@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Lynsey Mills (LMM), Medicine (lynsey.mills@abdn.ac.uk) Dr Cath Rolland (CR), RGU (c.rolland@rgu.ac.uk) Dr Frank Thies (FT), Medicine (f.thies@abdn.ac.uk)
If students have difficulties with any part of the course that they cannot cope with alone they should notify someone immediately. If the problem relates to the subject matter you may be best advised to contact the member of staff who is teaching that part of the course. Students with registered disabilities should contact either the IMS based School Office (Miss Stephanie Sweeney ssweeney@abdn.ac.uk) or the Old Aberdeen office associated with the teaching laboratories (Mrs S.Jones s.jones@abdn.ac.uk ) to ensure that the appropriate facilities have been made available. Otherwise, you are strongly encouraged to contact any of the following as you see appropriate:
Course student representatives.
Course co-ordinator (Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi).
Convenor of the Biomedical Sciences Staff/Student Liaison Committee (Dr Gordon McEwan).
Adviser of studies.
Disabilities Co-ordinator (Dr Derryck Shewan).
Staff are based at Foresterhill (IMS & Health Sciences Building) and we strongly encourage the use of email or telephone the SMS office. You may be wasting your time to travel to Foresterhill only to find staff unavailable.
Support Available to Students
The University is keen to help you successfully complete your studies. If at any time you feel you need assistance, there is a range of support services available to help you. These include support to assist with unexpected and/or exceptional financial difficulty, support for disabled students and academic learning support through the Student Learning Service. Further details about all these services area available at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/studenthelpguide/.
We value students’ opinions in regard to enhancing the quality of teaching and its delivery; therefore in conjunction with the Students’ Association we support the operation of a Class Representative system.
The students within each course, year, or programme elect representatives by the end of the fourth week of teaching within each half-session. In this school we operate a system of course representatives. Any student registered within a course that wishes to represent a given group of students can stand for election as a class representative. You will be informed when the elections for class representative will take place.
What will it involve?
It will involve speaking to your fellow students about the course you represent. This can include any comments that they may have. You will attend a Staff-Student Liaison Committee and you should represent the views and concerns of the students within this meeting. As a representative you will also be able to contribute to the agenda. You will then feedback to the students after this meeting with any actions that are being taken.
Training
Training for class representatives will be run by the Students Association. Training will take place in the fourth or fifth week of teaching each half-session. For more information about the Class representative system visit www.ausa.org.uk or email the VP Education & Employability vped@abdn.ac.uk. Class representatives are also eligible to undertake the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award, further information about the co-curricular award is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers.
The University operates a system for monitoring students' progress to identify students who may be experiencing difficulties in a particular course. If the Course Co-ordinator has concerns about your attendance and/or performance, the Registry will be informed. The Registry will then write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to ask you to contact the Senate Office in the first instance. Depending on your reason for absence the Senate Office will either deal directly with your case or will refer you to your Adviser of Studies or a relevant support service. This system is operated to provide support for students who may be experiencing difficulties with their studies. Students are required to attend such meetings with their Adviser of Studies in accordance with General Regulation 8.
Set criteria are used to determine when a student should be reported in the monitoring system. You will be asked to meet your Adviser if any of the following criteria apply for this course:-
either (i) if you are absent for a continuous period of two weeks or 25% of the course (whichever is less) without good cause being reported;
or (ii) if you are absent from two small group teaching sessions e.g. (laboratory/tutorial classes) without good cause;
or (iii) if you fail to submit a piece of summative or a substantial piece of formative in-course assessment by the stated deadline
If you fail to respond within the prescribed timescale (as set out in the e-mail or letter) you will be deemed to have withdrawn from the course concerned and will accordingly be ineligible to take the end of course assessment or to enter for the resit. The Registry will write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to inform you of this decision. If you wish consideration to be given to reinstating you in the course you will be required to meet the Convener of the Students' Progress Committee.
Absence from Classes on Medical Grounds
Candidates who wish to establish that their academic performance has been adversely affected by their health are required to secure medical certificates relating to the relevant periods of ill health (see General Regulation 17.3).
The University’s policy on requiring certification for absence on medical grounds or other good cause can be accessed at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x5.pdf
You are strongly advised to make yourself fully aware of your responsibilities if you are absent due to illness or other good cause. In particular, you are asked to note that self-certification of absence for periods of absence up to and including eleven weekdays is permissible. However, where absence has prevented attendance at an examination or where it may have affected your performance in an element of assessment or where you have been unable to attend a specified teaching session, you are strongly advised to provide medical certification (see section 3 of the Policy on Certification of Absence for Medical Reasons or Other Good Cause).
Students who attend and complete the work required for a course are considered to have been awarded a ‘Class Certificate’. Being in possession of a valid Class Certificate for a course entitles a student to sit degree examinations for that course. From 2010/11 class certificates will be valid for two years and permit a total of three attempts at the required assessment within that two year period i.e. the first attempt plus up to two resits.
You will receive a University e-mail account when you register with the University Computing Centre. The University will normally use e-mail to communicate with you during term-time. These e-mails will be sent to your University e-mail account, which you can access using Eudora or SquirrelMail.
It is your responsibility to check your e-mail on a regular (at least weekly) basis and to tidy the contents of your e-mail inbox to ensure that it does not go over quota (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/email/mailquota.hti for guidance on managing your e-mail quota). It is recommended that you use your University e-mail account to read and respond to University communications. If you already have a non-University e-mail account that you use for personal correspondence, it is possible to set up automatic forwarding of messages from your University e-mail account to your personal e-mail address (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/local/mail.forward/) but, should you do so, it is your responsibility to ensure that this is done correctly. The University takes no responsibility for delivery of e-mails to non-University accounts.
You should note that failure to check your e-mail or failure to receive e-mail due to being over quota or due to non-delivery of an e-mail forwarded to a non-University e-mail account would not be accepted as a ground for appeal (for further information on appeals procedures, please refer to http://www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix5x17.hti).
TurnitinUK
TurnitinUK is an online service which compares student assignments with online sources including web pages, databases of reference material, and content previously submitted by other users across the UK. The software makes no decision as to whether plagiarism has occurred; it is simply a tool which highlights sections of text that have been found in other sources thereby helping academic staff decide whether plagiarism has occurred.
As of Academic Year 2011/12, TurnitinUK will be accessed directly through MyAberdeen. Advice about avoiding plagiarism, the University’s Definition of Plagiarism, a Checklist for Students, Referencing and Citing guidance, and instructions for TurnitinUK, can be found in the following area of the Student Learning Service website www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism/.
Appeals and Complaints
The University’s appeals and complaints procedures provide students with a framework through which to formalise their concerns about aspects of their academic experience or to complain when they feel that standards of non-academic service have fallen short of that which they expected.
The process has been designed to make the appeals and complaints process as accessible and simple as possible and to provide a robust, fair mechanism through which to ensure that all appeals and complaints are considered in the appropriate way at the appropriate level.
A major feature of the process is the emphasis it places on early or informal resolution. All students should note that there is an expectation that they will take responsibility for seeking resolution of their academic or non-academic concerns by raising and discussing them at the earliest possible stage with the relevant individuals in an academic School or administrative Service.
Further details of the processes for making an appeal or complaint, including where to find further help and support in the process, is given at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/appeals
Transcripts at Graduation
It is anticipated that students who commenced their studies in, or after, 2009/10, will receive a more detailed transcript of their studies on graduation. The increased details will include a record of all examination results attained. For students graduating in 2012/13 transcripts will show details of all CAS marks awarded, including marks which are fails. Where a resit has been required as a result of medical circumstances or other good cause (MC/GC) this will not be shown, but all other circumstances (i.e. No Paper ‘NP’) will be included.
MyAberdeen (the University of Aberdeen’s Virtual Learning Environment)
MyAberdeen replaces WebCT as students’ virtual learning environment. This is where you will find learning materials and resources associated with the courses you are studying.
MyAberdeen also provides direct access to TurnitinUK, the online originality checking service, through which you may be asked to submit completed assignments.
You can log in to MyAberdeen by going to www.abdn.ac.uk/myaberdeen and entering your University username and password (which you use to access the University network).
Further information on MyAberdeen including Quick Guides and video tutorials, along with information about TurnitinUK, can be found at: www.abdn.ac.uk/students/myaberdeen.php.
Information about academic writing and how to avoid plagiarism can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism.
Aberdeen Graduate Attributes
Graduate Attributes are a wide-ranging set of qualities which students will develop during their time at Aberdeen in preparation for employment, further study and citizenship.
There are four main areas of the Graduate Attributes:
• Academic excellence
• Critical thinking and communication
• Learning and personal development
• Active citizenship
Students have many opportunities to develop and achieve these attributes. These include learning experiences on credit-bearing courses and co-curricular activities such as work placements, study abroad and volunteering. In accordance with the University’s commitment to Equality and Diversity, students can request support with any aspect of the Graduate Attributes framework.
The ACHIEVE website offers resources that enable students to assess and reflect upon their present skills and development needs. The website also contains resources to help students to improve their skills and links to a range of university services such as the Careers Service and the Student Learning Service. Students can access ACHIEVE from their MyAberdeen site in the ‘My Organisations’ section. More information about Aberdeen Graduate Attributes and ACHIEVE can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/graduateattributes.
The Co-curriculum
The co-curriculum enhances a student’s employability and provides opportunities to develop and achieve Aberdeen Graduate Attributes. Co-curricular activities complement a student’s degree programme and include: work placements, study abroad, enterprise and entrepreneurship activities, the BP Student Tutoring Scheme, career mentoring and the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award initiative. Below are examples of credit-bearing co-curricular activities. It is anticipated that these types of activity will be included on an enhanced transcript for students graduating in, or after, 2012/13
ERASMUS is an exchange programme funded by the European Commission which enables students to study or work in another European country as part of their degree programme. Eligible students will receive a grant to help with extra costs while abroad and a number of our partner institutions teach through English. For more information, visit www.abdn.ac.uk/erasmus/. The University also has opportunities for students to study in a non-European country as part of their degree through the International Exchange Programme. International partners include universities and colleges in North America, Hong Kong and Japan (www.abdn.ac.uk/undergraduate/international-exchange.php). The University aims to ensure full academic recognition for study periods abroad, therefore the credits gained from study abroad will count towards the Aberdeen degree programme for students participating in both ERASMUS and the International Exchange Programme.
Work placements can also form an integral part of a degree programme and attract academic credit. Placements are available locally, nationally and internationally, lasting from a few weeks to a full year and are generally paid. Visit the Careers Service website for further placement information and to find available work placements.
Further information about the co-curriculum is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers
School of Medical Sciences - Guide to Citing and Referencing
This guide should be used to assist you when completing any work for disciplines in the School of Medical Sciences. All work should include citations at appropriate places in the text, with a complete reference list at the end of the assignment. If diagrams/ graphs/ tables are copied or adapted from other publications/ websites, the sources must also be cited in the legend for that item, and included in your reference list.
Good citing and referencing not only improves the quality of your work, but it gives credit to the authors of original work, and makes it less likely that you can be accused of plagiarism. Further guidance on writing and plagiarism may be found at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing/ . When you submit work for marking, you are declaring that YOU are the author, that you have not copied it or plagiarised any material from other sources, AND that all sources of information have been acknowledged in your text. Students may be penalised by the University if found guilty of plagiarism.
Students are warned to be careful if using websites as sources of information. These may be inaccurate and are often not peer-reviewed. You are strongly encouraged to use advanced textbooks, peer-reviewed papers or reviews as the sources of your information in your work. Students are also advised to avoid quoting chunks of text in their work. Just because you put quotation marks around some text does not mean that you have not plagiarised it. Try and explain ideas and concepts in your own words.
The referencing style used here is Harvard, similar to that recommended by the University Library (see their factsheet for further information on referencing). Students must use this style of citing and referencing for all work. Other styles are not acceptable. Marks may be deducted if students do not cite or reference properly (see specific marking schemes for details).
Citing references within the text
You must provide citations in the text at the appropriate places by putting the author’s surname and year of publication in round brackets immediately after the relevant text (author, date method).
Author, date method
Jones et al. (1999) has argued that….
Studies have produced conflicting results…..(Bloggs, 2000; MacDuff et al., 1993)
Smith stated (1990)…..and then later work confirmed this (2003)…..
Bloggs (2001) investigated…..
One author (Bloggs, 2000)
Two authors (Smith & Jones, 1982)
Three or more authors (Chesterfield et al., 1995)
If the same author(s) wrote two or more papers in the same year Thwaites et al. stated (1990a)…..and then provided further evidence (1990b)…..
N.B. “et al.” should be in italics, as should all other Latin words/phrases in your text (e.g. in vitro). There is also a full stop after “et al.”, since it is an abbreviation of “et alia” (“and others”).
Listing your references at the end of your work
Your list of references must place the surnames of the first authors in alphabetical order. List all authors of a piece of work unless there are a large number.
Format of references at the end of your work
Book - whole Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. & Flower, R.J. (2007) Pharmacology. 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book – article or chapter within Johnson, D. & Smart, J.S. (1983) Advanced techniques in measuring athletic performance. In: S. Roberts, ed., Sports Science in the Laboratory. London: Macmillan, pp. 3-28.
Journal – article within Furchgott, R.F., Zawadzki, J.V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288(5789), 373-6.
Website Department for Education and Employment (2000). Student loans: guidance on terms and conditions from April 2000. [online]. Available from: http://www.dfee.gov.uk/loan2000/index.html [Accessed 23rd March 2006]
