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This course will introduce physiology, anatomy and pharmacology in the context of sport and exercise science. Basic physiological function and concepts in pharmacology, human movement and energy metabolism will be described with an emphasis on their importance to human physiology and sport and exercise science. Basic physiological techniques will be outlined and will be related to effects and functions of exercise.
Course Co-ordinators: Dr Arimantas Lionikas (ext.438025); a.lionikas@abdn.ac.uk and Dr Michael Scholz (ext.438022); m.e.scholz@abdn.ac.uk
• To provide a basic understanding of physiology, anatomy and pharmacology in general
• To provide a detailed introduction to sport and exercise physiology
• To provide an understanding of fundamental aspects of medical sciences applied to sport and exercise science
• To provide knowledge of basic techniques for assessing physiological function and exercise capacity.
A series of lectures introducing basic physiology, anatomy and pharmacology in relation to sports & exercise.
Lecture 1: Course Introduction – Dr Michael Scholz
Distribution of course manuals, outline of the course and general introduction
Form and Function – Is beauty only skin deep? (DAS)
Anatomical conventions and the relevance of form and function
Lecture 2: Anatomy – Why do we need to know about it?
Why is knowledge of anatomy vital for all life sciences and for a better understanding of health, development, disease, nutrition, drug action and performance. A review how anatomy can be used in everyday situations such as surgery, sports training, drug development and biometrics.
Lecture 3: When Anatomy and Physiology Collide…
Why are anatomy and physiology inextricably linked together. Understanding of form or function gives us clues as to what is normal or abnormal in the human body. The concepts of cells, tissues and organs, and how they all work together. How do anatomists describe structures and functions?
Lecture 4: What’s The Difference Between Men and Women?
Differences between men and women, why can anatomy be influenced by many factors? How does it affect how our body works and performs. What determines male or female anatomy? What advantages/disadvantages does being male or female convey? gender differences/similarities in body shape/size, life length and performance.
Lecture 5: Let’s Take A Look Inside – Imaging & Investigation in Anatomy
How do we image and investigate the body during health, disease and activity. Studying structures ranging from the cellular to the organismal level, even deep within the body. Topics to be covered: scanning and x-rays, histology and microscopy, computer modelling, cadaveric studies and anthropometry, advantages and limitations of these techniques.
Blood and Gas – The driving forces (AL)
The essentials of circulation and ventilation
Lecture 6: Pulmonary Structure and Function - introduction into the elements of the pulmonary system, airways and pulmonary tissues, composition and properties of the alveolar membrane, blood vessels of the lung, pulmonary volumes
Lecture 7: Inspiration and expiration - airflows and gas exchange, basic physics of gasses, pressures, partial pressures, humidity, gasses solved in liquids
Lecture 8: Mechanics of ventilation -what drives the ventilation? - Respiratory muscles, Elasticity of the lung, resistance
Lecture 9: Cardiovascular Structure and Function -the design of a very special pump: the myocardium, the valves and the electric control elements.
Lecture 10: Understanding the cardiac cycle - introduction into the events during a heart beat, systole, diastole, electrical events, mechanical events, valve actions, ECG
Lecture 11: Circulation: understanding the pipe work – differences between arteries and veins, capillaries, vessels and its relation to blood pressure and perfusion. Role of the lymphatic system in circulation.
Lecture 12: Integration of Respiration and Circulation - How do respiration and circulation work together? Relation between ventilation and perfusion.
Power and Performance – What is under the bonnet? (MES)
Introduction to muscle physiology and energetics
Lecture 13: Energy and power - introduction to energy transfer and conversion, basics of energetics, overview of different types of energy and how energy can be converted.
Lecture 14: Energy conversion and transfer in the body. How is energy from foods converted to be useful? Phosphates as ‘Energy Currencies’ of the body.
Lecture 15: Energy systems - The biological ‘hybrid drive’. Interacting energy systems of the body: different systems for different situations and different activities. An overview of pathways of the energy metabolism and when they are used.
Lecture 16: force, acceleration, speed – introduction to mechanics and kinetics, basics of movement, force production and work
Lecture 17: Muscle structure – the design of a special engine. Description of passive and active elements in the muscle which allow the production of force and movement.
Lecture 18: Muscle function - introduction to muscle contractions, types of contraction, contraction force, contraction speed. Mechanisms of the sliding filaments and cross-bridge cycling
Five pieces of fruit and a deep fried Mars bar! (AM)
Understanding the importance of a balanced diet
Lecture 19: Introduction to nutrition. What constitutes food? What is the energy value of different types of food. How can you measure the energy value of food. What do food labels tell us about food?
Lecture 20: Protein fat and carbohydrates. What are they, food sources, functions. How much should we have in our diet; the 'eat well' plate model.
Lecture 21: Vitamins and minerals. What are they, food sources, functions. Are mega doses of vits and mins common amongst athletes? Do they work?
Lecture 22: Good nutrition for health. What is the association between nutritional habits and disease development and progression
Lecture 23: Optimal nutrition for performance - basic concepts. How much more do athletes require to meet requirements? Is dietary protein or carbohydrate more important for performance? The ideal pre-exercise, during exercise and post- exercise recovery meals/snacks.
Lecture 24: Is the Scottish diet that bad? What foods do Scottish people consume, how much and how do these affect their health?
Fluid Balance – The day in the life of a sports drink (SG)
An introduction to fluid balance and the importance of absorption and excretion
Lecture 25: Water of life – Water as the foundation of life. Why is water so important for us? Are we really still carrying the oceans in us?
Lecture 26: ‘better by the mouthful…’, fluid absorption and distribution, why do we become thirsty? where do the fluids go?
Lecture 27: ‘only a passing lot…’ introduction to kidney function and fluid excretion
Lecture 28: Fluid balance - How is fluid balance achieved and maintained? Which other organ systems are involved and effected by fluid balance?
Lecture 29: ‘Control the heat’ - Water cooling for the engine, fluid balance and thermoregulation in relation to exercise.
Lecture 30: What makes ‘a sports drink’ a sports drink? How does fluid replacement impact performance? Which other substances make a ‘good’ drink?
The Magic Bullet – Getting pharmacology up to speed (GN)
An introduction to pharmacology and understanding ergogenic aids
Lecture 31: ‘Harmless Herbs?’ The use of herbal compounds to improve exercise training and performance.
Lecture 32: ‘A coffee and a Lemsip please’: Effects of substances that act as stimulants including caffeine, amphetamines and beta agonists on exercise training and performance.
Lecture 33: ‘Slow and steady wins the race’: Effect of beta blockers and narcotic analgesics on exercise training and performance.
Lecture 34: ‘Does size matter?’: The effects of anabolic steroids and growth hormone on exercise training and performance.
The Nervous System – Keeping your eye on the ball (MES)
An overview of neural control and central adaptive processes
Lecture 35: ‘Life on a wire’ – Importance, roles and structures of nerves and the nervous system
Lecture 36: ‘Has your second neuron gone inhibitory?’ – Cognitive functions and central control, how sensory inputs and ideas form reactions.
Lecture 37: ‘…it was just a reflex!’ – Control and training of complex motor processes, reflexes and how they control balance, movements and actions.
You are expected to attend all practical sessions to obtain a class certificate. There are two practicals and one tutorial, each session runs 4 times. Students will be randomly allocated to four groups. Swaps of practical groups are only possible if discussed with the course-coordinator in advance. Practical sessions will be based at the Aberdeen Sports Village. Attendance will be taken at all practical classes. It is important you bring sports apparel and footwear with you since you will play an active part in the class and mild physical exertion may be required.
There will be five MCQ assessments during the course. Each assessment will contain circa 20 questions and will carry 20% of the final mark. The questions will cover the lectures and practical sessions. The assessments are supervised online assessments. Detailed instructions will be available on MyAberdeen.
There is a regular programme of seminars given throughout the academic year by invited specialists from within the broad field of biomedical research.
These are usually held on Thursdays from 12noon -1pm in the IMS Building at Foresterhill (check the School or IMS websites for specific locations of seminars).
As you are studying within research-driven disciplines, we strongly feel that you should attend these whenever possible, with a view to broadening your appreciation of medical sciences. You will also be directed to attend any other relevant seminars when they arise.
• McArdle W.D., Katch F.I., Katch V.L.. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition & Human Performance 6th edition. Publishers: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins*
• Silverthorn D.U. – Human Physiology; An Integrated Approach 4th Edition 2006, Pearson. ISBN 0321396235
*Recommended text
The University has strict regulations on plagiarism. If you are unsure about what constitutes plagiarism read the University guide on plagiarism at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing
Copying or plagiarising another persons work, either from other students or published material in books or papers and submitted as your own for assessment is considered a form of cheating. This is considered by the University to be a serious offence and will be penalised according to the extent involved and whether it is decided there was an attempt at deliberate deception, or whether bad practice was involved. If you do use information or ideas obtained from textbooks or other published material you must give a precise reference to the source both at the appropriate point in your narrative and in a list of references at the end of your work. Direct quotations from published material should be indicated by quotation marks and referenced in the text as above.
Students are expected to attend all lectures, practical and lab classes and to complete all exercises by the given deadlines. The minimum performance acceptable for the granting of a class certificate is attendance at 75% of the lectures, seminars, practical classes, and presentation of all set course work, written and oral. Failure to do so may result in your class certificate being withheld. The course assessment consists of 100% continuous assessment. There is no written examination in January. The resit examination in August will consist of a two-hour MCQ examination and will carry 70% of the final mark, the remaining 30% will come from previous continuous assessment. The overall performance of the student will be expressed as a grade awarded on the attached Common Assessment Scale (CAS).
Dr Stuart Gray
Dr Arimantas Lionikas
Dr Alexandra Mavroeidi
Prof Graeme Nixon
Dr Michael Scholz
Dr Derek Scott (DAS), Biomedical Sciences Other Staff Jackie Davidson, University Sport & Exercise Team Donald Pirie, University Sport & Exercise Team Laura Taylor, University Sport & Exercise Team Faye Webster, University Sport & Exercise Team
If students have difficulties with any part of the course that they cannot cope with alone they should notify someone immediately. If the problem relates to the subject matter you may be best advised to contact the member of staff who is teaching that part of the course. Students with registered disabilities should contact either the IMS based School Office (Miss Lyndsay McEwan l.mcewan@abdn.ac.uk) or the Old Aberdeen office associated with the teaching laboratories (Mrs S.Jones s.jones@abdn.ac.uk ) to ensure that the appropriate facilities have been made available. Otherwise, you are strongly encouraged to contact any of the following as you see appropriate:
Course student representatives.
Course co-ordinator (DAS).
Convenor of the Biomedical Sciences Staff/Student Liaison Committee (Dr Gordon McEwan).
Adviser of studies.
Disabilities Co-ordinator (Dr Derryck Shewan).
Staff are based at Foresterhill (IMS & Health Sciences Building) and we strongly encourage the use of email or telephone the SMS office. You may be wasting your time to travel to Foresterhill only to find staff unavailable.
Support Available to Students
The University is keen to help you successfully complete your studies. If at any time you feel you need assistance, there is a range of support services available to help you. These include support to assist with unexpected and/or exceptional financial difficulty, support for disabled students and academic learning support through the Student Learning Service. Further details about all these services area available at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/studenthelpguide/.
We value students’ opinions in regard to enhancing the quality of teaching and its delivery; therefore in conjunction with the Students’ Association we support the operation of a Class Representative system.
The students within each course, year, or programme elect representatives by the end of the fourth week of teaching within each half-session. In this school we operate a system of course representatives. Any student registered within a course that wishes to represent a given group of students can stand for election as a class representative. You will be informed when the elections for class representative will take place.
What will it involve?
It will involve speaking to your fellow students about the course you represent. This can include any comments that they may have. You will attend a Staff-Student Liaison Committee and you should represent the views and concerns of the students within this meeting. As a representative you will also be able to contribute to the agenda. You will then feedback to the students after this meeting with any actions that are being taken.
Training
Training for class representatives will be run by the Students Association. Training will take place in the fourth or fifth week of teaching each half-session. For more information about the Class representative system visit www.ausa.org.uk or email the VP Education & Employability vped@abdn.ac.uk. Class representatives are also eligible to undertake the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award, further information about the co-curricular award is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers.
Monitoring Students' Progress
The University operates a system for monitoring students' progress to identify students who may be experiencing difficulties in a particular course. If the Course Co-ordinator has concerns about your attendance and/or performance, the Registry will be informed. The Registry will then write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to ask you to contact the Senate Office in the first instance. Depending on your reason for absence the Senate Office will either deal directly with your case or will refer you to your Adviser of Studies or a relevant support service. This system is operated to provide support for students who may be experiencing difficulties with their studies. Students are required to attend such meetings with their Adviser of Studies in accordance with General Regulation 8.
Set criteria are used to determine when a student should be reported in the monitoring system. You will be asked to meet your Adviser if any of the following criteria apply for this course:-
either (i) if you are absent for a continuous period of two weeks or 25% of the course (whichever is less) without good cause being reported;
or (ii) if you are absent from two small group teaching sessions e.g. (laboratory/tutorial classes) without good cause;
or (iii) if you fail to submit a piece of summative or a substantial piece of formative in-course assessment by the stated deadline
If you fail to respond within the prescribed timescale (as set out in the e-mail or letter) you will be deemed to have withdrawn from the course concerned and will accordingly be ineligible to take the end of course assessment or to enter for the resit. The Registry will write to you (by e-mail in term-time) to inform you of this decision. If you wish consideration to be given to reinstating you in the course you will be required to meet the Convener of the Students' Progress Committee.
Students who attend and complete the work required for a course are considered to have been awarded a ‘Class Certificate’. Being in possession of a valid Class Certificate for a course entitles a student to sit degree examinations for that course. From 2010/11 class certificates will be valid for two years and permit a total of three attempts at the required assessment within that two year period i.e. the first attempt plus up to two resits.
You will receive a University e-mail account when you register with the University Computing Centre. The University will normally use e-mail to communicate with you during term-time. These e-mails will be sent to your University e-mail account, which you can access using Eudora or SquirrelMail.
It is your responsibility to check your e-mail on a regular (at least weekly) basis and to tidy the contents of your e-mail inbox to ensure that it does not go over quota (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/email/mailquota.hti for guidance on managing your e-mail quota). It is recommended that you use your University e-mail account to read and respond to University communications. If you already have a non-University e-mail account that you use for personal correspondence, it is possible to set up automatic forwarding of messages from your University e-mail account to your personal e-mail address (see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/local/mail.forward/) but, should you do so, it is your responsibility to ensure that this is done correctly. The University takes no responsibility for delivery of e-mails to non-University accounts.
You should note that failure to check your e-mail or failure to receive e-mail due to being over quota or due to non-delivery of an e-mail forwarded to a non-University e-mail account would not be accepted as a ground for appeal (for further information on appeals procedures, please refer to http://www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix5x17.hti).
TurnitinUK
TurnitinUK is an online service which compares student assignments with online sources including web pages, databases of reference material, and content previously submitted by other users across the UK. The software makes no decision as to whether plagiarism has occurred; it is simply a tool which highlights sections of text that have been found in other sources thereby helping academic staff decide whether plagiarism has occurred.
As of Academic Year 2011/12, TurnitinUK will be accessed directly through MyAberdeen. Advice about avoiding plagiarism, the University’s Definition of Plagiarism, a Checklist for Students, Referencing and Citing guidance, and instructions for TurnitinUK, can be found in the following area of the Student Learning Service website www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/plagiarism/.
Absence from Classes on Medical Grounds
Candidates who wish to establish that their academic performance has been adversely affected by their health are required to secure medical certificates relating to the relevant periods of ill health (see General Regulation 17.3).
The University’s policy on requiring certification for absence on medical grounds or other good cause can be accessed at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x5.pdf
You are strongly advised to make yourself fully aware of your responsibilities if you are absent due to illness or other good cause. In particular, you are asked to note that self-certification of absence for periods of absence up to and including eleven weekdays is permissible. However, where absence has prevented attendance at an examination or where it may have affected your performance in an element of assessment or where you have been unable to attend a specified teaching session, you are strongly advised to provide medical certification (see section 3 of the Policy on Certification of Absence for Medical Reasons or Other Good Cause).
Feedback Framework
Feedback on assessment:
The University recognises that the provision of timely and appropriate feedback on assessment plays a key part in students learning and teaching. The guiding principles for the provision of feedback within the University are detailed in the Institutional Framework for the Provision of Feedback on Assessment available at:
www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x8.pdf
Enhancing Feedback:
The University recognises both the importance of providing timely and appropriate feedback on assessments to students, and of enabling students to voice views on their learning experience through channels such as Student Course Evaluation Forms and Class Representatives. FAQs, guidance and resources about feedback can be found on the University’s ‘Enhancing Feedback’ website at:www.abdn.ac.uk/clt/feedback
Appeals and Complaints
The University’s appeals and complaints procedures provide students with a framework through which to formalise their concerns about aspects of their academic experience or to complain when they feel that standards of non-academic service have fallen short of that which they expected.
The process has been designed to make the appeals and complaints process as accessible and simple as possible and to provide a robust, fair mechanism through which to ensure that all appeals and complaints are considered in the appropriate way at the appropriate level.
A major feature of the process is the emphasis it places on early or informal resolution. All students should note that there is an expectation that they will take responsibility for seeking resolution of their academic or non-academic concerns by raising and discussing them at the earliest possible stage with the relevant individuals in an academic School or administrative Service.
Further details of the processes for making an appeal or complaint, including where to find further help and support in the process, is given at: www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/appeals
Transcripts at Graduation
It is anticipated that students who commenced their studies in, or after, 2009/10, will receive a more detailed transcript of their studies on graduation. The increased details will include a record of all examination results attained. For students graduating in 2012/13 transcripts will show details of all CAS marks awarded, including marks which are fails. Where a resit has been required as a result of medical circumstances or other good cause (MC/GC) this will not be shown, but all other circumstances (i.e. No Paper ‘NP’) will be included.
MyAberdeen (the University of Aberdeen’s Virtual Learning Environment
MyAberdeen is the University of Aberdeen’s Virtual Learning Environment. This is where you will find learning materials and resources associated with the courses you are studying.
MyAberdeen also provides direct access to TurnitinUK, the originality checking service, through which you may be asked to submit completed assignments.
You can log in to MyAberdeen by going to www.abdn.ac.uk/myaberdeen and entering your University username and password (which you use to access the University network).
Further information on MyAberdeen including Quick Guides and video tutorials, along with information about TurnitinUK, can be found at: www.abdn.ac.uk/students/myaberdeen.php
Aberdeen Graduate Attributes
Graduate Attributes are a wide-ranging set of qualities which students will develop during their time at Aberdeen in preparation for employment, further study and citizenship.
There are four main areas of the Graduate Attributes:
•Academic excellence
•Critical thinking and communication
•Learning and personal development
•Active citizenship
Students have many opportunities to develop and achieve these attributes. These include learning experiences on credit-bearing courses and co-curricular activities such as work placements, study abroad and volunteering. In accordance with the University’s commitment to Equality and Diversity, students can request support with any aspect of the Graduate Attributes framework.
The ACHIEVE website offers resources that enable students to assess and reflect upon their present skills and development needs. The website also contains resources to help students to improve their skills and links to a range of university services such as the Careers Service and the Student Learning Service. Students can access ACHIEVE from their MyAberdeen site in the ‘My Organisations’ section. More information about Aberdeen Graduate Attributes and ACHIEVE can be found at:- www.abdn.ac.uk/graduateattributes.
The Co-curriculum
The co-curriculum enhances a student’s employability and provides opportunities to develop and achieve Aberdeen Graduate Attributes. Co-curricular activities complement a student’s degree programme and include: work placements, study abroad, enterprise and entrepreneurship activities, the BP Student Tutoring Scheme, career mentoring and the STAR (Students Taking Active Roles) Award initiative. Below are examples of credit-bearing co-curricular activities. It is anticipated that these types of activity will be included on an enhanced transcript for students graduating in, or after, 2012/13
ERASMUS is an exchange programme funded by the European Commission which enables students to study or work in another European country as part of their degree programme. Eligible students will receive a grant to help with extra costs while abroad and a number of our partner institutions teach through English. For more information, visit www.abdn.ac.uk/erasmus/. The University also has opportunities for students to study in a non-European country as part of their degree through the International Exchange Programme. International partners include universities and colleges in North America, Hong Kong and Japan (www.abdn.ac.uk/undergraduate/international-exchange.php). The University aims to ensure full academic recognition for study periods abroad, therefore the credits gained from study abroad will count towards the Aberdeen degree programme for students participating in both ERASMUS and the International Exchange Programme.
Work placements can also form an integral part of a degree programme and attract academic credit. Placements are available locally, nationally and internationally, lasting from a few weeks to a full year and are generally paid. Visit the Careers Service website for further placement information and to find available work placements.
Further information about the co-curriculum is available at: www.abdn.ac.uk/careers
School of Medical Sciences - Guide to Citing and Referencing
This guide should be used to assist you when completing any work for disciplines in the School of Medical Sciences. All work should include citations at appropriate places in the text, with a complete reference list at the end of the assignment. If diagrams/ graphs/ tables are copied or adapted from other publications/ websites, the sources must also be cited in the legend for that item, and included in your reference list.
Good citing and referencing not only improves the quality of your work, but it gives credit to the authors of original work, and makes it less likely that you can be accused of plagiarism. Further guidance on writing and plagiarism may be found at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/writing/ . When you submit work for marking, you are declaring that YOU are the author, that you have not copied it or plagiarised any material from other sources, AND that all sources of information have been acknowledged in your text. Students may be penalised by the University if found guilty of plagiarism.
Students are warned to be careful if using websites as sources of information. These may be inaccurate and are often not peer-reviewed. You are strongly encouraged to use advanced textbooks, peer-reviewed papers or reviews as the sources of your information in your work. Students are also advised to avoid quoting chunks of text in their work. Just because you put quotation marks around some text does not mean that you have not plagiarised it. Try and explain ideas and concepts in your own words.
The referencing style used here is Harvard, similar to that recommended by the University Library (see their factsheet for further information on referencing). Students must use this style of citing and referencing for all work. Other styles are not acceptable. Marks may be deducted if students do not cite or reference properly (see specific marking schemes for details).
Citing references within the text
You must provide citations in the text at the appropriate places by putting the author’s surname and year of publication in round brackets immediately after the relevant text (author, date method).
Author, date method
Jones et al. (1999) has argued that….
Studies have produced conflicting results…..(Bloggs, 2000; MacDuff et al., 1993)
Smith stated (1990)…..and then later work confirmed this (2003)…..
Bloggs (2001) investigated…..
One author (Bloggs, 2000)
Two authors (Smith & Jones, 1982)
Three or more authors (Chesterfield et al., 1995)
If the same author(s) wrote two or more papers in the same year Thwaites et al. stated (1990a)…..and then provided further evidence (1990b)…..
N.B. “et al.” should be in italics, as should all other Latin words/phrases in your text (e.g. in vitro). There is also a full stop after “et al.”, since it is an abbreviation of “et alia” (“and others”).
Listing your references at the end of your work
Your list of references must place the surnames of the first authors in alphabetical order. List all authors of a piece of work unless there are a large number.
Format of references at the end of your work
Book - whole Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. & Flower, R.J. (2007) Pharmacology. 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book – article or chapter within Johnson, D. & Smart, J.S. (1983) Advanced techniques in measuring athletic performance. In: S. Roberts, ed., Sports Science in the Laboratory. London: Macmillan, pp. 3-28.
Journal – article within Furchgott, R.F., Zawadzki, J.V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288(5789), 373-6.
Website Department for Education and Employment (2000). Student loans: guidance on terms and conditions from April 2000. [online]. Available from: http://www.dfee.gov.uk/loan2000/index.html [Accessed 23rd March 2006]
