Dr PAUL FERNANDES
MASTS Reader
work
+44 (0)1224 274166
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fernandespg@abdn.ac.uk
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Room 419 Zoology Building
MASTS Reader
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Personal Details
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Biography
I was born and brought up in London, but have Portuguese roots, hence the name. I went to Liverpool University in the 1980's where I took a BSc in Marine Biology and a PhD in Marine Ecology at the university's Port Erin Marine Laboratory on the Isle of Man. I then spent two years in Bolivia working on the artisanal fisheries of Lake Titicaca, before a one year contract in the Republic of Ireland setting up their fisheries acoustics programme. I came to Aberdeen in 1994 and was at the Marine Laboratory (now Marine Scotland Science) for over 16 years, working on fisheries surveys (acoustics and trawl) and, latterly, fish stock asssessment. I took up my current position as MASTS reader at the University of Aberdeen in July 2011.
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Research Interests
My research focuses on commercial fisheries, particularly those of importance to Scotland.
My specific research interests are as follows:
- The biology and ecology of commercially exploited fish;
- Determining the abundance and distribution of fish and associated marine fauna (from plankton to sea mammals);
- Improving the accuracy and precision of the various methods to assess the status of marine fish and dealing with uncertainty;
- How fish and other marine fauna change as they are affected by factors such as fishing and climate change;
- How best to manage our marine resources sustainably.
My specific areas of expertise are as follows:
- fisheries acoustics (the use of echosounders and other sonar equipment for studying marine life);
- fish stock assessment: I have been responsible for the assessment of various stocks of fish around Scotland, such as North Sea haddock and northern shelf anglerfish (monkfish).
- sampling (survey) statistics, particularly geostatistics.
Scotland's fishery resources are significant (366,000 t of fish landed in 2010), valuable (£428 million landed value), and provide a rich and healthy food source. I will to continue to work on these, but I am also interested in other ecosystems, to see what I can learn from elsewhere that may contribute to the effective and sustainable management of our fishery resources - something that we should all benefit from in the future.
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Current Research
Anglerfish (a.k.a. monkfish)
Very little is known about the abundance, distribution and life cycle of anglerfish, yet it continues to gain in popularity as a food source: this, coupled with the demise of other demersal fish around Scotland, such as cod, has increased the pressure on anglerfish as a fishery. Whilst as Marine Scotland Science I conducted several multi-vessel surveys with the co-operation of the Scottish fishing industry, gathering data on the abundance and distribution of anglerfish. I am developing an assessment model based on survey data to determine the abundance at age of anglerfish and their exploitation. I am also aiming to develop a management strategy evaluation to test a number of potential harvest control rules that may be applicable so that the stock can be managed sustainably. I am interested in how the abundance, size distribution and sex-ratios of anglerfish may be related to substrate, depth and biotic factors, such as deep-water coral. We also tagged anglerfish with data storage tags which, if and when they can be retrieved, will allow us to examine individual fish movements and, therefore, provide important information about their life cycle. The advent of the ecosystems approach is a welcome development in fisheries science which encourages us to focus on the relationships between the commercially fished species and their environment, both to safeguard the latter and to improve the management of the former.
Fisheries acoustics
The use of active acoustic instruments (SONAR) to detect, quantify and identify marine flora and fauna. I am particularly interested in methods for identifying objects which scatter sound (of multiple frequencies) according to their physical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics. I am keen to develop classification algorithms and theoretical target strength [scattering] models, and validating these with empirical data, paying particular attention to the biology and physiology of the organisms which scatter sound. I am also developing methods whereby multibeam sonars could be used to survey marine resources or identify the species of echotraces produced by fish schools. I am also interested in using acoustic instruments to study the composition, structure, and function of pelagic (aquatic) ecosystems and the population dynamics of commercially exploited fish species.
New approaches to fisheries management
In the seas around Scotland most of our fish stocks are managed by the European Commission under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). This is largely because at various stages in their life cycle, fish occur in various territorial waters. Although I believe it has had some notable successes, the CFP is not a popular policy and will be reviewed in 2012. I am involved in an EC project called EcoFishMan which aims to develop a results-based fisheries management system, developed in collaboration with the important stakeholders in fisheries. The design of the system will take into account ecological, economical and social factors. It will be based on the requirements of stakeholders and utilise modern technology for surveillance, assessment of stocks and decision supports. This will enhance implementation of the system and improve cooperation and mutual understanding between policy makers and stakeholders.
New developments in fisheries surveys
Traditionally, fisheries surveys have relied on trawl nets to sample fish near the seabed and SONAR devices to sample fish in midwater. In both cases, the results are usually presented as indices of abundance, i.e. relative measures of abundance, because the sampling devices are selective and this selectivity varies from species to species. These relative measures have served single-species fish stock assessments reasonably well, because they provide reasonable indicators of changes in abundance over time. As we move towards an ecosystem approach it becomes more desirable to consider absolute measures of abundance so that we can compare the abundance of one species with another using the same (absolute) metric. I am working on methods to account for whole gear selectivity so that absolute measures of abundance can be determined.
I am also looking into alternative approaches to sampling fish, because new arrangements in the spatial management of our marine ecosystems, such as closed areas for example, do not allow trawling. To deal with this, I am developing visual methods to survey fish and other marine fauna. Presently, I am working with Marine Scotland Science using a towed body system as a platform for a digital video camera, but ultimately I will be looking to using novel platforms such as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, which I have used successfully in the past.
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Collaborations
External
Numerous staff at Marine Scotland Science working on anglerfish assessment, fisheries survey techniques and general fisheries management.
Prof. Andrew Brierley, St Andrews University, fisheries acoustics.
Dr. David Borchers, St Andrews University, survey statistics.
Dr. Anne Lebourges Dhaussy and Dr. Patrice Brehmer, IRD, Brest, France, fisheries acoustics.
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Teaching Responsibilities
Joint Programme Co-ordinator: Applied Marine and Fisheries Ecology MRes/MSc/PGDip see http://www.abdn.ac.uk/graduate/study/taught.php?code=fish
Course co-ordinator: Fisheries Technologies and Surveys (Applied Marine and Fisheries Ecology MSc)
Course co-ordinator: Marine Top Predator Ecology (Applied Marine and Fisheries Ecology MSc)
Course co-ordinator (2nd semester): Personal Research Development (Applied Marine and Fisheries Ecology MSc)
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PhD student: Fiona McIntyre - Visual surveys
Phone: +44 (0)1224 295435 
Email: fmcintyre@abdn.ac.uk
Working Title
The development of visual survey methods to support environmental monitoring and fisheries management
MASTS Joint Research Themes
Fisheries; Platforms & Sensors
Supervisors
Dr. Paul G. Fernandes (University of Aberdeen), anglerfish and visual survey methods advice
Dr. Francis Neat (Marine Scotland Science), coral surveys and ecosystem advice
Dr. David Borchers (University of St. Andrews), distance sampling statistics advice
Background
A rising number of marine species and habitats occur in either marine protected
areas or untrawlable ground. The area protected in the seas around Scotland is also set to increase with international commitments to establish an ecologically coherent network of Marine Protected Areas by 2012. This commitment is an important priority for the Scottish Government to achieve its vision of a clean, healthy, safe, productive, and biologically diverse marine environment.
Benthic surveys cannot be conducted in protected areas by traditional methods, specifically bottom trawling, due to their destructive nature. Also, some of these areas are very large, in deep waters and very far from shore such as at Rockall and the windsock area closure. Alternatively, visual surveys allow non-invasive access to deep-sea habitats, causing minimal disturbance to marine organisms (Colvocoresses and Acosta, 2007) and represent an increasingly used and powerful survey technique. Fragile benthic habitats that occur in deep water, such as cold water coral reefs which support high biodiversity, require the establishment of appropriate non-destructive monitoring tools to identify both the distribution and status of the habitat. Combining visual surveys with acoustic surveys of the seabed (multi-beam swathe mapping) is a new development that can cover much larger areas of the seabed and can be used to identify habitats. In addition to monitoring the benthic environment, visual survey methods could be used to improve estimates of the abundance of fish populations which are crucially important when management decisions regarding fishing quotas are dependent on the reliability of the population assessment (McCormick and Choat, 1987). Thus, as we move towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, non-destructive sampling methods such as visual surveys are needed to improve estimates of the abundance and distribution of marine fauna in areas where invasive sampling methods are inappropriate (Stoner et al. 2008).
There is currently a lack of information regarding the abundance and distribution of coral and anglerfish inside several closed areas on the Rockall Plateau. Visual survey methods may be the most effective way to gather the information required to improve our knowledge of these species in protected areas and otherwise inaccessible grounds for the purpose of safeguarding the health and biological diversity of our seas.
Aims
To assess whether visual survey methods can be used to effectively determine the abundance and distribution of cold water coral and other important marine fauna in areas were trawling is impossible or prohibited.
Objectives
- To develop distance sampling methods to estimate the abundance of angler fish and deepwater coral (Lophelia spp) including appropriate measures of precision.
- To undertake visual surveys of areas at Rockall likely to contain cold water coral and anglerfish and other areas inaccessible to traditional trawling sampling methods.
- To estimate the area density and distribution of anglerfish in areas closed to trawling from these surveys and from historical surveys (2007-2010 inclusive).
- To estimate the area density and distribution of cold water coral in areas closed to trawling from these surveys and from historical surveys (2007-2010 inclusive).
- To estimate the area density and distribution of other marine fauna in areas closed to trawling from these surveys and from historical surveys (2007-2010 inclusive).
- To investigate the complementary use swathe multibeam sonar data collected during thee surveys.
Methods
Visual surveys have been carried out at Rockall annually since 2007 during the annual anglerfish survey on FRV ‘Scotia’, when counts of anglerfish and coral distribution were determined using the Seatronics TV chariot. During this project additional visual survey data will be collected from two more anglerfish surveys at Rockall in 2012 and 2013. A modified sled assembled with lights and a camera (the Seatronics TV chariot) is towed at an altitude of 2-10m from the seabed. VMUX sensors in the control pod continually record measurements of altitude, depth, heading pitch and roll which are transmitted along with live video footage from the sled to a PC where sightings can be recorded by the observer. Recently areas of the Rockall Plateau have been successfully surveyed using swathe multi-beam echosounder. The spatial resolution of the data allows the identification of reef areas and can be combined with that from the TV chariot to give a broader coverage of areas known to contain corals.
The geospatial analysis software Myriax Eonfusion has the ability to fuse media with vector data and can be used for both processing and visualising the data. In addition, image analysis software such as the Coral Point Count with Excel extensions software (CPCe) will be used to perform area analysis to determine local densities of coral and fish. The distance sampling method used for the survey is strip transect sampling, which assumes all target organisms within the strip are detected. This method also allows the use of a detection function which can provide information useful for inferring any movements in response to the TV chariot (Buckland et al. 2001). Geostatistics will be used to determine spatial patterns of the organisms and to calculate global abundance and variance estimates, accounting for spatial autocorrelation.
Rockall anglerfish cruises in 2012 and 2013 – available backup options includes the possibility of carrying out the TV survey as part of the annual acoustic surveys or International Bottom Trawl Surveys (IBTS) at Rockall. The Seatronics TV chariot is available and access is agreed. Further use of the swathe MBES system is planned at Rockall and can be co-opted for this project.
Software – Myriax Eonfusion software is available, need to acquire image analysis software such as CPCe software and distance sampling and geostatistical software is available in R as freeware.
Bibliography
Buckland S. T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L. and Thomas L. (2001) Introduction to Distance Sampling – Estimating abundance of biological populations, United States, Oxford University Press
Colvocoresses, J., & Acosta, A. (2007) A large-scale field comparison of strip transect and stationary point count methods for conducting length-based underwater visual surveys of reef fish populations. Fisheries Research, 85, 130-141.
McCormick, M., & Choat, J. (1987) Estimating total abundance of large temperate-reef fish using visual strip-transects. Marine Biology, 96, 469-478.
Stoner A.W., Ryer, C.H., Parker, S.J., Auster, P.J. and Wakefield, W.W. (2008) Evaluating the role of fish behaviour in surveys conducted with underwater vehicles, Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci., 65, 1230-1243
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PhD student: Ben Scoulding - Mackerel acoustics
Email: b.scoulding@abdn.ac.uk
Phone: +44 (0)1224 295435
Working Title
The development of acoustic methods to investigate the distribution and abundance of mackerel
MASTS Joint Research Themes
Platforms & Sensors; Fisheries.
Academic supervisors
Dr. Paul G. Fernandes (University of Aberdeen), mackerel and fisheries acoustics advice
Dr. Alan Jamieson (University of Aberdeen), visual ground truth and acoustic engineering
Collaborators
Dr Emma Hatfield (Marine Scotland Science), cruise planning and mackerel biology advice
Dr Alan Fenwick (University of Aberdeen), theoretical acoustic modelling
Mrs Susan Lusseau (Marine Scotland Science), fisheries acoustics advice
Mr Ian Gatt (Scottish Pelagic Fishermen's Association Ltd) fishing industry liaison
Dr Sascha Fassler (IMARES, Wageningen University, Netherlands) fisheries acoustics modelling
Dr Rolf Kornelliussen (IMR, Norway) fisheries acoustics advice specific to mackerel
Background
Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) is a small pelagic fish which schools in huge numbers all around the British Isles. The stock of North East Atlantic mackerel is the subject of a modern pelagic trawl fishery operating from various countries in northern Europe, including Scotland where it is the most valuable single species fishery: in 2010, a total of 135,000 t of mackerel were landed by Scottish vessels, with a first-sale value of £109 million. Until recently this fishery was being fished sustainably and the spawning stock biomass was estimated to be around 3 million tonnes (12 billion fish). However, in the last two years Iceland and the Faroe Islands have increased their catches by an order of magnitude. The total catch is now in excess of what is sustainable, and there are, therefore, serious concerns about the increased fishing pressure the stock will now be put under. There are also concerns elsewhere about the potential practice of slippage whereby small less marketable fish are caught and discarded in favour of utilising limited quota for larger more valuable fish. Significant slippage is a serious impediment to the ongoing certification of the fishery which provides it with its sustainable marketing status.
There is a need to understand more about the biology, distribution and abundance of mackerel to address these concerns. Acoustic sensors, such as scientific echosounders and multibeam sonars offer ideal opportunities to study these fish; indeed, fishermen rely on such devices to detect and catch mackerel. The science of fisheries acoustics is well established and delivers a wealth of information on a variety of marine resources (see Simmonds and MacLennan 2005). However, mackerel are notoriously difficult to detect because they do not possess a swimbladder and so they are weak individual acoustic targets. However, during the Scottish fishing seasons (autumn to early winter), they amass into huge schools which are easily detected, especially by higher frequency devices (>200 kHz). This project aims to develop some of the basic theoretical understanding of how mackerel reflect sound - defined as their Target Strength (TS) - so that measurements of backscatter from mackerel schools can be interpreted to determine the abundance and size composition within them. Until such basic work is done, fishermen's often requested and seemingly simple demand to determine the numbers of fish in the huge schools they detect will not be realised. The project also aims to study these schools in collaboration with the industry and develop slippage mitigation methods which are important for the industry's ongoing fishery certification requirements.
Aim
To develop target strength models of mackerel and apply these to measurements of mackerel schools to determine their abundance and study their distribution.
Preliminary objectives[1]
1. To compare different theoretical scattering models for mackerel, taking into account the major physiological components of the species.
2. To obtain in-situ target strength measurements of mackerel to ground-truth the model and apply Bayesian techniques to estimate its uncertainty.
3. To apply the model to measurements of mackerel schools during the main mackerel fishing seasons to estimate the abundance of mackerel in these schools.
4. To study the abundance and distribution of mackerel schools during the mackerel fishery.
5. To develop acoustic scattering algorithms to determine the size of fish in a school as part of slippage mitigation measures.
Multibeam Sonar image taken from the Scottish fishing vessel "Sunbeam" (plane view from above, ship at centre of semicircle), showing a mackerel school over 3 km in length, just east of the Shetland Islands in October 2009. Image courtesy of Mads Dahl of SIMRAD, with thanks to Prof. Egil Ona, IMR, Bergen Norway.
Methods
A variety of theoretical scattering models have been developed for different geometric shapes and combinations of shapes (see Simmonds & MacLennan 2005). A number of such models will be applied to mackerel, using individual [caught] fish of various sizes to determine fish geometry. The modelling work will be done in collaboration with international colleagues expert in this area (named above). A short cruise will be undertaken on the research vessel Scotia during the mackerel season to make acoustic measurements of mackerel schools at several frequencies and make in-situ target strength measurements. Attempts will be made to visually ground truth these measurements but this would require the development of an integrated echosounder and camera system mounted on the headline of the trawl. The necessary components are available but would need to be integrated and housed: funding for this is being sought out with the realms of the studentship.The default option is to catch the detected targets with a pelagic trawl. Cruises on commercial vessels to collect similar data will be made on an opportunistic basis and a fishery self-collection programme will be set up whereby fishermen would provide their own data where appropriate.These in-situ measurements will then be incorporated into a Bayesian target strength model building on the methods developed by Fassler et al (2009) which applied similar techniques to study herring target strength.A further cruise to obtain more data and refine the model will take place in the second year of the study. The model will then be used to see if a simple multifrequency algorithm can be developed as a means by which fishermen could use their echosounders & sonars to determine the size of fish within a school.
References
Fassler, S. M. M., Brierley, A. S., and Fernandes, P. G. (2009). A Bayesian approach to estimating target strength. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1197-1204.
[1] As with any PhD programme, the objectives provided at the outset serve merely as an initial guide: students are free to develop their own ideas within the aim of the project as the study progresses.
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PhD studentship: applications being processed
Deadline for applications has now passed: we are currently processing applications.
Working Title
Managing the recovery of fish stocks in an uncertain environment: the case of mackerel icefish off South Georgia
Academic supervisors
Dr Paul G. Fernandes (University of Aberdeen), stock assessment and fisheries acoustics.
Dr Tara Marshall (University of Aberdeen), fish reproductive biology.
Collaborators
Dr Martin Collins (GSGSSI), cruise planning and mackerel icefish biology advice
Dr Mark Belchier (BAS), Antarctic fisheries biology
Dr Simeon Hill (BAS), Antarctic fisheries biology
Background
A great number of fish stocks are currently classified as overfishe
d, depleted or recovering (e.g. FAO, 2009). Recovery has been successful for many stocks (Beddington et al., 2007) but there are some stocks for which recovery appears very far off despite major reductions in fishing pressure including, for example, a moratorium on harvesting Canada’s grand banks cod stocks (Shelton et al., 2006). Overexploited stocks of mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) in the Southern Ocean exemplify this problem. The large fisheries that existed in the 1970s around South Georgia, Heard Island and Kerguelen Islands have all but disappeared. Relatively conservative harvest strategies are used to manage the remnant fisheries in these areas, but it is unclear whether the current harvesting rules can support recovery of the fish stocks. This project seeks to establish whether better management approaches are available, and to identify conditions under which these stocks can be put on a path to recovery.
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Publications
Contributions to Journals
Articles
- Guillard, J., Fernandes, P., Laloe, T. & Brehmer, P. (2011). 'Three-dimensional internal spatial structure of young-of-the-year pelagic freshwater fish provides evidence for the identification of fish school species'. Limnology and oceanography-Methods, vol 9, pp. 322-328.
[Online] DOI: 10.4319/lom.2011.9.322 - Holmes, SJ., Bailey, N., Campbell, N., Catarino, R., Barratt, K., Gibb, A. & Fernandes, PG. (2011). 'Using fishery-dependent data to inform the development and operation of a co-management initiative to reduce cod mortality and cut discards'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 68, no. 8, pp. 1679-1688.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr101 - Fernandes, PG., Coull, K., Davis, C., Clark, P., Catarino, R., Bailey, N., Fryer, R. & Pout, A. (2011). 'Observations of discards in the Scottish mixed demersal trawl fishery'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 68, no. 8, pp. 1734-1742.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr131 - Zwolinski, J., Fernandes, PG., Marques, V., Stratoudakis, Y. & Fernandes, PG. (2009). 'Estimating fish abundance from acoustic surveys: calculating variance due to acoustic backscatter and length distribution error'. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol 66, no. 12, pp. 2081-2095.
[Online] DOI: 10.1139/F09-138 - Fernandes, PG. (2009). 'Classification trees for species identification of fish-school echotraces'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 66, no. 6, pp. 1073-1080.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp060 - Faessler, SMM., Brierley, AS. & Fernandes, PG. (2009). 'A Bayesian approach to estimating target strength'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 66, no. 6, pp. 1197-1204.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp008 - Woillez, M., Rivoirard, J. & Fernandes, PG. (2009). 'Evaluating the uncertainty of abundance estimates from acoustic surveys using geostatistical simulations'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 66, no. 6, pp. 1377-1383.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp137 - Faessler, SMM., Fernandes, PG., Semple, SIK. & Brierley, AS. (2009). 'Depth-dependent swimbladder compression in herring Clupea harengus observed using magnetic resonance imaging'. Journal of Fish Biology, vol 74, no. 1, pp. 296-303.
[Online] DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02130.x - Korneliussen, RJ., Diner, N., Ona, E., Berger, L. & Fernandes, PG. (2008). 'Proposals for the collection of multifrequency acoustic data'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 65, no. 6, pp. 982-994.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsn052 - Fässler, S., Gorska, N., Ona, E. & Fernandes, PG. (2008). 'Differences in swimbladder volume between Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring: Consequences for mean target strength'. Fisheries Research, vol 92, no. 2-3, pp. 314-321.
[Online] DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2008.01.013 - Reid, DG., Allen, VJ., Bova, DJ., Jones, EG., Kynoch, RJ., Peach, KJ., Fernandes, PG., Turrell, WR. & Fernandes, PG. (2007). 'Anglerfish catchability for swept-area abundance estimates in a new survey trawl'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 64, no. 8, pp. 1503-1511.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsm106 - Zwolinski, J., Morais, A., Marques, V., Stratoudakis, Y. & Fernandes, PG. (2007). 'Diel variation in the vertical distribution and schooling behaviour of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) off Portugal'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 64, no. 5, pp. 963-972.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsm075 - Fassler, SMM., Santos, R., Garcia-Nunez, N. & Fernandes, PG. (2007). 'Multifrequency backscattering properties of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii)'. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol 64, no. 2, pp. 362-374.
[Online] DOI: 10.1139/F07-013 - Mair, AM., Fernandes, PG., Lebourges-Dhaussy, A. & Brierley, AS. (2005). 'An investigation into the zooplankton composition of a prominent 38-kHz scattering layer in the North Sea'. Journal of Plankton Research, vol 27, no. 7, pp. 623-633.
[Online] DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbi035 - Gimona, A. & Fernandes, PG. (2003). 'A conditional simulation of acoustic survey data: advantages and potential pitfalls'. Aquatic Living Resources, vol 16, no. 3, pp. 123-129.
[Online] DOI: 10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00028-7 - Fernandes, PG., Stevenson, P., Brierley, AS., Armstrong, F. & Simmonds, EJ. (2003). 'Autonomous underwater vehicles: future platforms for fisheries acoustics'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 60, no. 3, pp. 684-691.
[Online] DOI: 10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00038-9 - Brierley, AS., Fernandes, PG., Brandon, MA., Armstrong, F., Millard, NW., McPhail, SD., Stevenson, P., Pebody, M., Perrett, J., Squires, M., Bone, DG. & Griffiths, G. (2003). 'An investigation of avoidance by Antarctic krill of RRS James Clark Ross using the Autosub-2 autonomous underwater vehicle'. Fisheries Research, vol 60, no. 2-3, pp. 569-576.
- MacLennan, DN., Fernandes, PG. & Dalen, J. (2002). 'A consistent approach to definitions and symbols in fisheries acoustics'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 59, no. 2, pp. 365-369.
[Online] DOI: 10.1006/imsc.2001.1158 - Brierley, AS., Fernandes, PG., Brandon, MA., Armstromg, F., Millard, NW., McPhail, SD., Stevenson, P., Pebody, M., Perrett, J., Squires, M., Bone, DG. & Griffiths, G. (2002). 'Antarctic krill under sea ice: Elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of ice edge'. Science, vol 295, no. 5561, pp. 1890-1892.
- Fernandes, PG. (2002). 'Acoustic applications in fisheries science: the ICES contribution'. ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol 215, pp. 483-492.
- Brierley, AS. & Fernandes, PG. (2001). 'Diving depths of Northern Gannets: Acoustic observations of Sula bassana from an autonomous underwater vehicle'. Auk, vol 118, no. 2, pp. 529-534.
- Fernandes, PG., Brierley, AS., Simmonds, EJ., Millard, NW., McPhail, SD., Armstrong, F., Stevenson, P. & Squires, M. (2000). 'Fish do not avoid survey vessels (vol 404, pg 35, 2000)'. Nature, vol 407, no. 6801, pp. 152-152.
- Fernandes, PG., Brierley, AS., Simmonds, EJ., Millard, NW., McPhail, SD., Armstrong, F., Stevenson, P. & Squiress, M. (2000). 'Oceanography - Fish do not avoid survey vessels'. Nature, vol 404, no. 6773, pp. 35-36.
Chapters in Books, Reports and Conference Proceedings
Conference Proceedings
- Fernandes, PG. & Rivoirard, J. (1999). 'A geostatistical analysis of the spatial distribution and abundance of cod, haddock and whiting in North Scotland'. GeoENV II - Geostatistics for Environmental Applications KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, pp. 201-212, 2nd European Conference on Geostatistics for Environmental Applications (GeoENV II), Valencia, Spain, 18/11/98.
- Fernandes, PG. & Simmonds, EJ. (1997). 'Variographic refinement of North Sea herring acoustic survey data'. in A Soares, J GomezHernandez & R Froidevaux (eds), GEOENV I - GEOSTATISTICS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, DORDRECHT, pp. 451-462, 1st European Conference on Geostatistics for Environmental Applications (GeoENV I), LISBAN, 18/11/96.
Books and Reports
Books
- Rivoirard, J., Simmonds, EJ., Foote, K., Fernandes, PG. & Bez, N. (2000). 'Geostatistics for estimating fish abundance'. Blackwell.
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